Efficient production of steviol glycosides in recombinant hosts

ABSTRACT

Recombinant microorganisms are disclosed that produce steviol glycosides and have altered expression of one or more endogenous transporter or transcription factor genes, or that overexpress one or more heterologous transporters, leading to increased excretion of steviol glycosides of interest.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No.61/763,290, filed Feb. 11, 2013, and U.S. Provisional Application No.61/763,308, filed Feb. 11, 2013, the disclosures of each of which areincorporated by reference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

This disclosure relates to the recombinant production of steviolglycosides and isolation methods thereof. In particular, this disclosurerelates to the production of steviol glycosides such as rebaudioside A(RebA), rebaudioside B (RebB), rebaudioside D (RebD), rebaudioside E(RebE) and rebaudioside M (RebM) by recombinant hosts such asrecombinant microorganisms. This disclosure also relates tomodifications to transport systems in the recombinant host to increaseproduction, excretion or both of such steviol glycosides.

BACKGROUND

Sweeteners are well known as ingredients used most commonly in the food,beverage, or confectionary industries. The sweetener can either beincorporated into a final food product during production or forstand-alone use, when appropriately diluted, as a tabletop sweetener oran at-home replacement for sugars in baking. Sweeteners include naturalsweeteners such as sucrose, high fructose corn syrup, molasses, maplesyrup, and honey and artificial sweeteners such as aspartame, saccharineand sucralose. Stevia extract is a natural sweetener that can beisolated and extracted from a perennial shrub, Stevia rebaudiana. Steviais commonly grown in South America and Asia for commercial production ofstevia extract. Stevia extract, purified to various degrees, is usedcommercially as a high intensity sweetener in foods and in blends oralone as a tabletop sweetener.

Extracts of the Stevia plant contain rebaudiosides and other steviolglycosides that contribute to the sweet flavor, although the amount ofeach glycoside often varies among different production batches.Typically, stevioside and rebaudioside A are the primary compounds incommercially-produced stevia extracts. Stevioside is reported to have amore bitter and less sweet taste than rebaudioside A. The composition ofstevia extract can vary from lot to lot depending on the soil andclimate in which the plants are grown. Depending upon the sourced plant,the climate conditions, and the extraction process, the amount ofrebaudioside A in commercial preparations is reported to vary from 20 to97% of the total steviol glycoside content. Other steviol glycosides arepresent in varying amounts in stevia extracts. For example, rebaudiosideB is typically present at less than 1-2%, whereas rebaudioside C can bepresent at levels as high as 7-15%. Rebaudioside D is typically presentin levels of 2% or less, Rebaudioside M is typically present in tracelevels (<0.1%), and rebaudioside F is typically present in compositionsat 3.5% or less of the total steviol glycosides. The amount of the minorsteviol glycosides can affect the flavor profile of a Stevia extract.

Chemical structures for several of the compounds found in Steviaextracts are shown in FIG. 1, including the diterpene steviol andvarious steviol glycosides. CAS numbers are shown in Table 1 below. Seealso, Steviol Glycosides Chemical and Technical Assessment 69th JECFA,prepared by Harriet Wallin, Food Agric. Org. (2007).

TABLE 1 COMPOUND CAS # Steviol 471-80-7 Rebaudioside A (RebA) 58543-16-1Steviolbioside 41093-60-1 Stevioside 57817-89-7 Rebaudioside B (RebB)58543-17-2 Rebaudioside C (RebC) 63550-99-2 Rebaudioside D (RebD)63279-13-0 Rebaudioside E (RebE) 63279-14-1 Rebaudioside F (RebF)438045-89-7 Rebaudioside M (RebM) 1220616-44-3 Rubusoside (Rubu)63849-39-4 Dulcoside A 64432-06-0

SUMMARY

This document describes materials and methods that can be used toefficiently produce steviol glycoside compositions, by modification oftransport systems in the recombinant host that are involved in excretionof steviol glycosides. In some embodiments, recombinant hosts describedherein can produce at least one steviol glycoside and express aheterologous transporter such as a transporter that actively excretesantibiotics. In some embodiments, recombinant hosts described hereinproduce at least one steviol glycoside and the expression of anendogenous transporter gene is altered in the host and/or expression ofa transcription factor gene is altered, wherein the transcription factorregulates expression of at least one endogenous transporter gene.Altering expression of endogenous transporters that actively secreteantibiotics is particularly useful. In some embodiments, expression of aplurality of endogenous transporter genes, transcription factor genes,or both is altered. Such recombinant hosts can include one or morebiosynthesis genes whose expression results in production of steviolglycosides such as rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D,rebaudioside E, or rebaudioside M. Such biosynthesis genes include13-monoglucoside beta 1,2 glycosyltransferases and/or19-monoglucoside-beta 1,2-glucosyltransferases (e.g., 91D2e and EUGT11)and other UDP glycosyl transferases such as UGT74G1, UGT76G1, and/orUGT85C2, to allow the production of steviol glycosides in recombinanthosts.

This document also features methods for producing a steviol glycosideproduct. These methods include fermention methods using a recombinantmicroorganism (e.g., Saccharomyces cerevisiae) having altered expressionof an endogenous transporter gene to produce the steviol glycoside,which, optionally, then can be purified from the fermentation broth.

In one aspect, this document features methods for identifying a gene orgenes that affect excretion of a steviol glycoside as well as usingrecombinant embodiments thereof to genetically engineer recombinantcells, particularly microorganisms, to produce steviol glycosides as setforth herein. These methods include modifying expression of at least oneendogenous transporter in a recombinant microorganism capable ofproducing steviol or a steviol glycoside; culturing the modifiedmicroorganism in a medium under conditions in which the steviolglycoside is synthesized; and measuring the amount of extracellularand/or intracellular steviol glycoside produced during the culturingstep relative to the amount produced by a corresponding microorganismlacking the modification, thereby identifying the endogenous transporteras affecting excretion of the steviol glycoside.

This document also features alternative methods for identifying a geneor genes that affect excretion of a steviol glycoside as well as usingrecombinant embodiments thereof to genetically engineer recombinantcells, particularly microorganisms, to produce steviol glycosides as setforth herein. The method includes modifying expression of at least oneendogenous transporter in a microorganism to generate a modifiedmicroorganism; introducing one or more recombinant genes capable ofproducing a steviol glycoside into the modified microorganism; culturingthe modified microorganism in a medium under conditions in which thesteviol glycoside is synthesized; and measuring the amount ofextracellular and/or intracellular steviol glycoside produced during theculturing step relative to the amount produced by a correspondingmicroorganism lacking the modification, thereby identifying theendogenous transporter as affecting excretion of the steviol glycoside.

This document also features yet additional methods for identifying agene or genes affecting excretion of a steviol glycoside. These methodsinclude modifying expression of at least one endogenous transcriptionfactor that regulates expression of an endogenous transporter gene in arecombinant microorganism capable of producing steviol or a steviolglycoside; culturing the modified microorganism in a medium underconditions in which the steviol glycoside is synthesized; and measuringthe amount of extracellular and/or intracellular steviol glycosideproduced during the culturing step relative to the amount produced by acorresponding microorganism lacking the modification, therebyidentifying the transcription factor as affecting excretion of thesteviol glycoside.

In another embodiment, this document features still further methods foridentifying a gene or genes affecting excretion of a steviol glycoside.These methods include modifying expression of at least one endogenoustranscription factor that regulates expression of an endogenoustransporter gene in a microorganism to generate a modifiedmicroorganism; introducing one or more recombinant genes capable ofproducing a steviol glycoside into the modified microorganism; culturingthe modified microorganism in a medium under conditions in which thesteviol glycoside is synthesized; and measuring the amount ofextracellular and/or intracellular steviol glycoside produced during theculturing step relative to the amount produced by a correspondingmicroorganism lacking the modification, thereby identifying thetranscription factor as affecting excretion of the steviol glycoside.

In another aspect, this document relates to methods of increasingexcretion of steviol glycosides by modifying expression of a gene orgenes identified to affect excretion of a steviol glycoside, wherein theexpression of the identified genes would be modified in recombinantmicroorganisms capable of producing steviol or a steviol glycoside. Insome embodiments the gene or genes identified are endogenous genes thatcan be overexpressed or repressed by replacing the endogenous promoterwith a stronger promoter or weaker promoter, respectively, as comparedto the wildtype promoter. In other embodiments, the gene or genesidentified can be endogenous genes that are overexpressed or repressedby introducing exogenous DNA engineered to overexpress or repress theendogenous gene or genes. In yet another embodiment, homologous ororthologous genes of an identified endogenous gene can be overexpressed.In a further embodiment, the endogenous gene can be induced to beoverexpressed or repressed using native mechanisms to the recombinantmicroorganism (e.g. heat shock, stress, heavy metal or antibioticexposure).

In any of the methods described herein, modifying expression can includeincreasing or decreasing expression or activity of the endogenoustransporter or transcription factor at least 5% above or below the levelof expression observed in a corresponding unmodified microorganism.

In any of the methods described herein, the recombinant genes caninclude one or more of the following genes encoded by exogenous nucleicacids:

-   -   (a) one or more recombinant genes encoding a sucrose transporter        and a sucrose synthase;    -   (b) a nucleic acid encoding a GGPPS polypeptide;    -   (c) a nucleic acid encoding an ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase        polypeptide;    -   (d) a nucleic acid encoding a kaurene synthase (KS) polypeptide;    -   (e) a nucleic acid encoding a kaurene oxidase (KO) polypeptide;    -   (f) a nucleic acid encoding a steviol synthase (KAH)        polypeptide;    -   (g) a nucleic acid encoding a cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR)        polypeptide; and also in appropriate combination,    -   (h) a nucleic acid encoding a UGT85C2 polypeptide;    -   (i) a nucleic acid encoding a UGT76G1 polypeptide;    -   (j) a nucleic acid encoding a UGT74G1 polypeptide;    -   (k) a nucleic acid encoding a UGT91D2 polypeptide; or    -   (l) a nucleic acid encoding a EUGT11 polypeptide.

This document features methods for identifying a gene or genes affectingexcretion of a steviol glycoside as well as using recombinantembodiments thereof to genetically engineer recombinant cells,particularly microorganisms, to produce steviol glycosides as set forthherein. The method includes expressing at least one heterologoustransporter in a recombinant microorganism capable of producing steviolor a steviol glycoside; culturing the microorganism in a medium underconditions in which the steviol glycoside is synthesized; and measuringthe amount of extracellular and/or intracellular steviol glycosideproduced during the culturing step relative to the amount produced by acorresponding microorganism lacking the modification, therebyidentifying a heterologous transporter affecting excretion of thesteviol glycoside. The heterologous transporter can be a Steviatransporter.

In any of the methods described herein, the microorganism can include,but is not limited to suitable species from a genus selected from thegroup consisting of Agaricus, Aspergillus, Bacillus, Candida,Corynebacterium, Escherichia, Fusarium/Gibberella, Kluyveromyces,Laetiporus, Lentinus, Phaffia, Phanerochaete, Pichia, Physcomitrella,Rhodoturula, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Sphaceloma,Xanthophyllomyces and Yarrowia. Exemplary species from such generainclude, but are not limited to, Saccharomyces cerevisiae,Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Yarrowia lipolytica, Candida glabrata, Ashbyagossypii, Cyberlindnera jadinii, Pichia pastoris, Kluyveromyces lactis,Hansenula polymorphs, Candida boidinii, Arxula adeninivorans,Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous or Candida albicans species.

These and other features and advantages of the present invention will bemore fully understood from the following detailed description of theinvention taken together with the accompanying claims. It is noted thatthe scope of the claims is defined by the recitations therein and not bythe specific discussion of features and advantages set forth in thepresent description.

DESCRIPTION OF DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 shows the chemical structures and synthesis pathways for varioussteviol glycosides.

FIG. 2 is a bar graph of the percent RebA in the supernatant of culturesfrom RebA-producing yeast strains overexpressing transporter genes. Thenative transporter promoters were replaced by the strong constitutivepromoter TEFL by homologous recombination. The strains were grown insynthetic complete (SC) medium for 48 hours and the RebA content wasmeasured in the pellet and the supernatant fraction by LC-MS.

FIG. 3 is a bar graph of the percent RebA in the supernatant of the YOR1overexpressing yeast strain compared to a wild type strain with a nativepromoter in front of the YOR1 gene. The RebA content was measured in thepellet and the supernatant fraction by LC-MS.

FIG. 4A-M is a bar graph of the percent excreted (FIG. 4A-I) ormicromolar/OD600 (FIG. 4 J-K) or micromolar concentration (FIG. 4L-M) ofeach steviol glycocoside in the supernatant or total amount, asindicated in each figure, of the various transporters overexpressed on a2 micron plasmid in the yeast strain EFSC2797 compared to a yeast straincontaining empty plasmid (PSB314). Endogenous yeast transporter genesPDR1, PDR3, PDR13, SNQ2, YOR1_BY, YOR1_IS1, FLR1, AZR1 and DTR1 wereoverexpressed using the PSB314 plasmid in the EFSC2797 Reb producingstrain and the content of each steviol glycoside was measured in thepellet and the supernatant fraction by LC-MS.

FIG. 5A-I is a bar graph of the amount (AUC in FIG. 5A-D) or percent ofeach steviol glycocoside excreted (FIG. 5E-I) in the supernatant ofendogenous yeast transporter genes PDR1, SNQ2, YOR1_BY, YOR1_IS1 andFLR1 overexpressed using PSB314 in the yeast strain EFSC2797 compared toa control strain (PSB314). Endogenous yeast transporter genes PDR1,SNQ2, YOR1_BY, YOR1_IS1 and FLR1 were overexpressed using the PSB314plasmid in the ERSC2797 Reb producing strain and the content of eachsteviol glycoside was measured in the pellet and the supernatantfraction by LC-MS.

FIG. 6 is a bar graph illustrating the effect on yeast growth fromoverexpressing endogenous yeast transporter genes PDR1, SNQ2, YOR1_BY,YOR1_IS1 and FLR1 in the yeast ERSC2797 strain.

FIG. 7 is a bar graph illustrating the effect of expressing S.rebaudiana transporters in RebA producing strains.

FIG. 8 is a bar graph showing the concentration (micromolar) ofsteviol-19-O-glucoside produced after a yeast strain carrying mutationsat the loci for four endogenous transporters were cultured insteviol-fed media. Sup 19-SMG=Amount of Steviol-19-O-Glucoside inSupernatant; Pel 19-SMG=Amount of Steviol-19-O-Glucoside in Cell Pellet;WT=Wild type expressing four S. rebaudiana UGTs (76G1, 74G1, 91D2e, and85C2); and 4X KO=4X transporter disruption mutant yeast strain,expressing four S. rebaudiana UGTs and carrying deletions of pdr5,pdr10, pdr15, snq2 transporter loci.

FIG. 9 is a bar graph showing the concentration (micromolar) of 19-SMGand rebaudioside A produced after culture of the 4X transporterdisruption yeast strain in steviol-fed media. The amounts shown are thetotal extracellular (left bar) and intracellular (right bar) 19-SMG andrebaudioside A for each strain.

FIG. 10 is a chromatographic trace of steviol glycosides produced by theyeast wild-type strain expressing four S. rebaudiana UGTs (76G1, 74G1,91D2e, and 85C2). Y-axis=relative amount according to automated scalingin the display. From top to bottom the rows are m/z traces thatcorrespond to monoglucosides, biosides, steviol plus 3 glucose residues,steviol+4 glucose residues, and steviol+5 glucose residues.

FIG. 11 is a chromatographic trace of steviol glycosides produced by theyeast 4X transporter disruption mutant strain expressing four S.rebaudiana UGTs (76G1, 74G1, 91D2e, and 85C2). Y-axis=relative amountaccording to automated scaling in the display. From top to bottom therows are m/z traces that correspond to monoglucosides, biosides, steviolplus 3 glucose residues, steviol+4 glucose residues, and steviol+5glucose residues.

FIG. 12 is a chromatographic trace of steviol glycosides produced by theyeast 7X transporter disruption mutant strain expressing four S.rebaudiana UGTs (76G1, 74G1, 91D2e, and 85C2). Y-axis=relative amountaccording to automated scaling in the display. From top to bottom therows are m/z traces that correspond to monoglucosides, biosides, steviolplus 3 glucose residues, steviol+4 glucose residues, and steviol+5glucose residues.

FIG. 13A-D is a bar graph of the concentration (FIG. 13A-B) ormicromolar/OD600 (FIG. 13C) or percent (FIG. 13D-F) of each steviolglycocoside excreted in the supernatant of the yeast strains containingsingle deletion of specific transporters genes (PDR5, SNQ2, YOR1, YHK8,FLR1).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Unless otherwise defined, all technical and scientific terms used hereinhave the same meaning as commonly understood by one of ordinary skill inthe art to which the invention belongs. Although methods and materialssimilar or equivalent to those described herein can be used to practicethe invention, suitable methods and materials are described below. Allpublications, patent applications, patents, and other referencesmentioned herein are incorporated by reference in their entirety. Incase of conflict, the present specification, including definitions, willcontrol. In addition, the materials, methods, and examples areillustrative only and are not intended to be limiting. Other featuresand advantages of the invention will be apparent from the followingdetailed description. Applicants reserve the right to alternativelyclaim any disclosed invention using the transitional phrase“comprising,” “consisting essentially of,” or “consisting of,” accordingto standard practice in patent law.

Methods well known to those skilled in the art can be used to constructgenetic expression constructs and recombinant cells according to thisinvention. These methods include in vitro recombinant DNA techniques,synthetic techniques, in vivo recombination techniques, and polymerasechain reaction (PCR) techniques. See, for example, techniques asdescribed in Maniatis et al., 1989, MOLECULAR CLONING: A LABORATORYMANUAL, Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, New York; Ausubel et al., 1989,CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Greene Publishing Associates andWiley Interscience, New York, and PCR Protocols: A Guide to Methods andApplications (Innis et al., 1990, Academic Press, San Diego, Calif.).

Before describing the present invention in detail, a number of termswill be defined. As used herein, the singular forms “a”, “an”, and “the”include plural referents unless the context clearly dictates otherwise.For example, reference to a “nucleic acid” means one or more nucleicacids.

It is noted that terms like “preferably”, “commonly”, and “typically”are not utilized herein to limit the scope of the claimed invention orto imply that certain features are critical, essential, or evenimportant to the structure or function of the claimed invention. Rather,these terms are merely intended to highlight alternative or additionalfeatures that can or cannot be utilized in a particular embodiment ofthe present invention.

For the purposes of describing and defining the present invention it isnoted that the term “substantially” is utilized herein to represent theinherent degree of uncertainty that can be attributed to anyquantitative comparison, value, measurement, or other representation.The term “substantially” is also utilized herein to represent the degreeby which a quantitative representation can vary from a stated referencewithout resulting in a change in the basic function of the subjectmatter at issue.

As used herein, the terms “polynucleotide”, “nucleotide”,“oligonucleotide”, and “nucleic acid” can be used interchangeably torefer to nucleic acid comprising DNA, RNA, derivatives thereof, orcombinations thereof.

As used herein, the term “and/or” is utilized to describe multiplecomponents in combination or exclusive of one another. For example, “x,y, and/or z” can refer to “x” alone, “y” alone, “z” alone, “x, y, andz,” “(x and y) or z,” “x and (y or z),” or “x or y or z.” In someembodiments, “and/or” is used to refer to the exogenous nucleic acidsthat a recombinant cell comprises, wherein a recombinant cell comprisesone or more exogenous nucleic acids selected from a group. In someembodiments, “and/or” is used to refer to production of steviolglycosides, wherein one or more steviol glycosides selected from a groupare produced. In some embodiments, “and/or” is used to refer toproduction of steviol glycosides, wherein one or more steviol glycosidesare produced through one or more of the following steps: culturing arecombinant microorganism, synthesizing one or more steviol glycosidesin a recombinant microorganism, and isolating one or more steviolglycosides.

This document describes materials and methods that can be used toefficiently produce steviol glycoside compositions, by modification oftransport systems in the recombinant host that are involved in excretionof steviol glycosides. In some embodiments, recombinant hosts describedherein can produce at least one steviol glycoside and express aheterologous transporter such as a transporter that actively excretesantibiotics. In some embodiments, recombinant hosts described hereinproduce at least one steviol glycoside and the expression of anendogenous transporter gene is altered in the host and/or expression ofa transcription factor gene is altered, wherein the transcription factorregulates expression of at least one endogenous transporter gene.Altering expression of endogenous transporters that actively secreteantibiotics is particularly useful. In some embodiments, expression of aplurality of endogenous transporter genes, transcription factor genes,or both is altered. Such recombinant hosts can include one or morebiosynthesis genes whose expression results in production of steviolglycosides such as rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D,rebaudioside E or rebaudioside M. Such biosynthesis genes include13-monoglucoside beta 1,2 glycosyltransferases and/or19-monoglucoside-beta 1,2-glucosyltransferases (e.g., UGT91D2e andEUGT11) and other UDP glycosyl transferases such as UGT74G1, UGT76G1,and/or UGT85C2, to allow the production of steviol glycosides inrecombinant hosts.

In one aspect, this document relates to a recombinant microorganismcapable of synthesizing at least one steviol glycoside comprisingmodified expression of at least one gene that is a transporter gene, atranscription factor gene that regulates expression of at least onetransporter gene, or both. In one embodiment, the transporter gene canbe an endogenous transporter gene or a heterologous transporter gene. Inanother embodiment, the transporter gene can encodes an ABC transporteror an MFS transporter, wherein the transporter gene transporter gene ortranscription factor gene is PDR1, PDR3, PDR5, PDR8, PDR10, PDR11,PDR12, PDR15, PDR18, YOR1, AUS1, SNQ2, PDR12, STE6, THI73, NFT1, ADP1,FLR1, QDR1, QDR2, QDR3, DTR1, TPO1, TPO2, TPO4, TPO3, AQR1, AZR1, ENB1,SGE1, YHK8, GEX2, HOL1, ATR1, HXT11, ENB1, ARN1, ARN2, SSU1, THI7, TPN1,SEO1, SIT1 or DTR1.

In another embodiment, the modified expression of a target gene in therecombinant mircroorganism comprises overexpressing or reducedexpression of the transporter gene or the transcription factor gene. Inyet another embodiment, the recombinant microorganism comprisesoverexpressing or reduced expression of a plurality of endogenoustransporter genes or transcription factor genes. In one embodiment, therecombinant microorganism comprises reduced expression of PDR5, PDR10,PDR15 and SNQ2 genes by disrupting each gene locus. In anotherembodiment, the recombinant microorganism comprises reduced expressionof PDR1, PDR3, PDR5, PDR10, PDR15, SNQ2 and TPO1 genes by disruptingeach gene locus.

In a further embodiment, the recombinant microorganism of this documentcomprises one or more of the following exogenous nucleic acids: one ormore recombinant genes encoding a sucrose transporter and a sucrosesynthase; a nucleic acid encoding a GGPPS polypeptide; a nucleic acidencoding an ent-copalyl diphosphate synthasepolypeptide; a nucleic acidencoding a kaurene synthase (KS) polypeptide; a nucleic acid encoding akaurene oxidase (KO) polypeptide; a nucleic acid encoding a steviolsynthase (KAH) polypeptide; a nucleic acid encoding a cytochrome P450reductase (CPR)polypeptide; a nucleic acid encoding a UGT85C2polypeptide; a nucleic acid encoding a UGT76G polypeptide; a nucleicacid encoding a UGT74G1 polypeptide; a nucleic acid encoding a UGT91D2polypeptide; or a nucleic acid encoding a EUGT11 polypeptide. In oneembodiment, the recombinant microorganism, comprises the exogenousnucleic acids encoding UGT85C2, UGT76G1 and UGT91D2 polypeptides. Inanother embodiment, the recombinant microorganism comprises theexogenous nucleic acids encoding UGT85C2, UGT76G1, UGT74G1, and UGT91D2polypeptides. In yet another embodiments, the recombinant microorganismcomprises the exogenous nucleic acids encoding UGT85C2, UGT76G1,UGT74G1, and EUGT11 polypeptides. In yet another embodiment, therecombinant microorganism comprises the exogenous nucleic acids encodingUGT85C2, UGT76G1, UGT74G1, UGT91D2 (including inter alia 91D2e, 91D2m,91D2e-b and functional homologs thereof) and EUGT11 polypeptides.

In another aspect, this document relates to a method of producing aRebaudioside, comprising: culturing the recombinant microorganismdescribed herein in a culture medium, under conditions in which thegenes encoding a GGPPS; an ent-copalyl diphosphate synthase (CDPS)polypeptide; a kaurene oxidase (KO) polypeptide; a kaurene synthase (KS)polypeptide; a steviol synthase (KAH) polypeptide; a cytochrome P450reductase (CPR) polypeptide; a UGT85C2 polypeptide; a UGT74G1polypeptide; a UGT76G1 polypeptide; a UGT91D2 polypeptide; or a EUGT11polypeptide are expressed, comprising inducing expression of said genesor constitutively expressing said genes; synthesizing one or more of acompound, comprising the Rebaudioside in the recombinant microorganism;and isolating one or more of the compounds comprising the Rebaudioside.In one embodiment, the Rebaudioside is Rebaudioside A, Rebaudioside B,Rebaudioside D, Rebaudioside E, or Rebaudioside M. In anotherembodiment, the recombinant microorganism overexpresses YOR1, SNQ2, PDR1or FLR1.

In one embodiment, the recombinant microorganism is a microorganismdescribed herein is selected from, but not limited to, a genus fromAgaricus, Aspergillus, Bacillus, Candida, Corynebacterium, Escherichia,Fusarium/Gibberella, Kluyveromyces, Laetiporus, Lentinus, Phaffia,Phanerochaete, Pichia, Physcomitrella, Rhodoturula, Saccharomyces,Schizosaccharomyces, Sphaceloma, Xanthophyllomyces and Yarrowia. Inanother embodiment, the recombinant microorganism is a yeast cell fromSaccharomyces cerevisiae, Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Yarrowialipolytica, Candida glabrata, Ashbya gossypii, Cyberlindnera jadinii,Pichia pastoris, Kluyveromyces lactis, Hansenula polymorphs, Candidaboidinii, Arxula adeninivorans, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous or Candidaalbicans species.

In yet another aspect, this document relates to a method of affectingexcretion of steviol glycosides, comprising: using the methods describedherein to produce a steviol glycoside, wherein at least one recombinantgene is expressed, and culturing the recombinant microorganism in amedium under conditions in which the steviol glycoside is synthesized;and expressing at least one gene that is a transporter gene, atranscription factor gene that regulates expression of at least onetransporter gene, or both, and isolating the steviol glycoside producedduring the culturing step.

I. Steviol and Steviol Glycoside Biosynthesis Polypeptides

A. Steviol Biosynthesis Polypeptides

In addition to expressing heterologous transporter and/or transcriptionfactor genes, or modifying expression of endogenous transporter genes asdescribed above, a host described herein contains and expresses geneproducts involved in the conversion of isoprenoid precursors to steviol.

The biochemical pathway to produce steviol involves formation ofgeranylgeranyl diphosphate, cyclization to (−) copalyl diphosphate,followed by oxidation and hydroxylation to form steviol. Thus,conversion of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to steviol in a recombinantmicroorganism involves the expression of a gene encoding a kaurenesynthase (KS), a gene encoding a kaurene oxidase (KO), and a geneencoding a steviol synthetase (KAH). Steviol synthetase also is known askaurenoic acid 13-hydroxylase.

Suitable KS polypeptides are known. For example, suitable KS enzymesinclude those made by Stevia rebaudiana, Zea mays, Populus trichocarpa,and Arabidopsis thaliana. See, Table 2 and PCT Application Nos.PCT/US2012/050021 and PCT/US2011/038967, which are incorporated hereinby reference in their entirety.

TABLE 2 Kuarene Synthase (KS) Clones Enzyme Source Accession ConstructLength Organism gi Number Number Name (nts) Stevia rebaudiana 4959241AAD34295 MM-12 2355 (SEQ ID NO: 1) Stevia rebaudiana 4959239 AAD34294MM-13 2355 (SEQ ID NO: 2) Zea mays 162458963 NP_001105097 MM-14 1773(SEQ ID NO: 3) Populus 224098838 XP_002311286 MM-15 2232 trichocarpa(SEQ ID NO: 4) Arabidopsis 3056724 AF034774 EV-70 2358 thaliana (SEQ IDNO: 5) AAC39443 (SEQ ID NO: 6)

Suitable KO polypeptides are known. For example, suitable KO enzymesinclude those made by Stevia rebaudiana, Arabidopsis thaliana,Gibberella fujikoroi and Trametes versicolor. See, Table 3 and PCTApplication Nos. PCT/US2012/050021 and PCT/US2011/038967, which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

TABLE 3 Kaurene Oxidase (KO Clones) Enzyme Source Accession ConstructLength Organism gi Number Number Name (nts) Stevia rebaudiana 76446107ABA42921 MM-18 1542 (SEQ ID NO: 7) Arabidopsis 3342249 AAC39505 MM-191530 thaliana (SEQ ID NO: 8) Gibberella fujikoroi 4127832 CAA76703 MM-201578 (SEQ ID NO: 9) Trametes versicolor 14278967 BAB59027 MM-21 1500(SEQ ID NO: 10)

Suitable KAH polypeptides are known. For example, suitable KAH enzymesinclude those made by Stevia rebaudiana, Arabidopsis thaliana, Vitisvinifera and Medicago trunculata. See, e.g., Table 4, PCT ApplicationNos. PCT/US2012/050021 and PCT/US2011/038967, U.S. Patent PublicationNos. 2008/0271205 and 2008/0064063, and Genbank Accession No. gi189098312 (SEQ ID NO: 11) and GenBank Accession ABD60225; GI:89242710(SEQ ID NO: 12), which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety. The steviol synthetase from Arabidopsis thaliana is classifiedas a CYP714A2.

TABLE 4 Steviol synthase (KAH) Clones Enzyme Source Accession PlasmidConstruct Length Organism gi Number Number Name Name (nts) Steviarebaudiana —* (SEQ ID NO: 13) pMUS35 MM-22 1578 Stevia rebaudiana189418962 ACD93722 pMUS36 MM-23 1431 (SEQ ID NO: 14) Arabidopsisthaliana 15238644 NP_197872 pMUS37 MM-24 1578 (SEQ ID NO: 15) Vitisvinifera 225458454 XP_002282091 pMUS38 MM-25 1590 (SEQ ID NO: 16)Medicago trunculata 84514135 ABC59076 pMUS39 MM-26 1440 (SEQ ID NO: 17)*= Sequence is identified with sequence identifier number 2 as shown inU.S. Patent Publication No. 2008-0064063.

In addition, a KAH polypeptide from Stevia rebaudiana that wasidentified as described in PCT Application No. PCT/US2012/050021 isparticularly useful in a recombinant host. Nucleotide sequences encodingS. rebaudiana KAH (SrKAHe1; SEQ ID NO: 18) and S. rebaudiana KAH thathas been codon-optimized for expression in yeast are set forth in thesame PCT application, as is the encoded amino acid sequence of the S.rebaudiana KAH (SEQ ID NO: 19). The S. rebaudiana KAH showssignificantly higher steviol synthase activity as compared to theArabidopsis thaliana ent-kaurenoic acid hydroxylase described byYamaguchi et al. (U.S. Patent Publication No. 2008/0271205 A1) whenexpressed in S. cerevisiae. The S. rebaudiana KAH polypeptide has lessthan 20% identity to the KAH from U.S. Patent Publication No.2008/0271205, and less than 35% identity to the KAH from U.S. PatentPublication No. 2008/0064063.

In some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism contains a recombinantgene encoding a KO and/or a KAH polypeptide. Such microorganisms alsotypically contain a recombinant gene encoding a cytochrome P450reductase (CPR) polypeptide, since certain combinations of KO and/or KAHpolypeptides require expression of an exogenous CPR polypeptide. Inparticular, the activity of a KO and/or a KAH polypeptide of transporterorigin can be significantly increased by the inclusion of a recombinantgene encoding an exogenous CPR polypeptide. Suitable CPR polypeptidesare known. For example, suitable CPR enzymes include those made byStevia rebaudiana and Arabidopsis thaliana. See, e.g., Table 5 and PCTApplication Nos. PCT/US2012/050021 and PCT/US2011/038967, which areincorporated herein by reference in their entirety.

TABLE 5 Cytochrome P450 Reductase (CPR) Clones Enzyme Source PlasmidConstruct Length Organism gi Number Accession Number Name Name (nts)Stevia rebaudiana 93211213 ABB88839 pMUS40 MM-27 2133 (SEQ ID NO: 20)Arabidopsis thaliana 15233853 NP_194183 pMUS41 MM-28 2079 (SEQ ID NO:21) Giberella fujikuroi 32562989 CAE09055 pMUS42 MM-29 2142 (SEQ ID NO:22)

For example, the steviol synthase encoded by Stevia rebaudiana KAHe1 isactivated by the S. cerevisiae CPR encoded by gene NCP1 (YHR042W). Evenbetter activation of the steviol synthase encoded by SrKAHe1 is observedwhen the Arabidopsis thaliana CPR encoded by the gene ATR2 (SEQ ID NO:99) or the S. rebaudiana CPR encoded by the genes CPR7 (SEQ ID NO: 23)or CPR8 (SEQ ID NO: 24) are co-expressed. Amino acid sequence of the A.thaliana polypeptides ATR1 (SEQ ID NO: 25) and ATR2 (SEQ ID NO: 26) andS. rebaudiana CPR7 (SEQ ID NO: 27) and CPR8 (SEQ ID NO: 28) polypeptidesare shown in PCT Application No. PCT/US2012/050021.

Expression in a recombinant microorganism of these genes results in theconversion of geranylgeranyl diphosphate to steviol.

B. Steviol Glycoside Biosynthesis Polypeptides

In addition to the transport mutations described above, a host cell asdescribed herein can convert steviol to a steviol glycoside. Such a host(e.g., microorganism) contains genes encoding one or more UDP GlycosylTransferases, also known as UGTs. UGTs transfer amonosaccharide unitfrom an activated nucleotide sugar to an acceptor moiety, in this case,an —OH or —COOH moiety on steviol, the glucose moiety on a steviolglycoside, or steviol derivatives. UGTs have been classified intofamilies and subfamilies based on sequence homology. Li et al. J. Biol.Chem. 276:4338-4343 (2001).

B.1 Rubusoside Biosynthesis Polypeptides

The biosynthesis of rubusoside involves glycosylation of the 13-OH andthe 19-COOH of steviol. See FIG. 1. Conversion of steviol to rubusosidein a recombinant host such as a microorganism can be accomplished by theexpression of gene(s) encoding UGTs 85C2 and 74G1, which transfer aglucose unit to the 13-OH or the 19-COOH, respectively, of steviol.

A suitable UGT85C2 functions as a uridine 5′-diphospho glucosyl:steviol13-OH transferase, and a uridine 5′-diphosphoglucosyl:steviol-19-O-glucoside 13-OH transferase. Functional UGT85C2polypeptides also may catalyze glucosyl transferase reactions thatutilize steviol glycoside substrates other than steviol andsteviol-19-O-glucoside.

A suitable UGT74G1 polypeptide functions as a uridine 5′-diphosphoglucosyl:steviol 19-COOH transferase and a uridine 5′-diphosphoglucosyl:steviol-13-O-glucoside 19-COOH transferase. Functional UGT74G1polypeptides also may catalyze glycosyl transferase reactions thatutilize steviol glycoside substrates other than steviol andsteviol-13-O-glucoside, or that transfer sugar moieties from donorsother than uridine diphosphate glucose.

A recombinant microorganism expressing a functional UGT74G1 and afunctional UGT85C2 can make rubusoside and both steviol monosides (i.e.,steviol 13-O-monoglucoside and steviol 19-O-monoglucoside) when steviolis used as a feedstock in the medium. One or more of such genes may bepresent naturally in the host. Typically, however, such genes arerecombinant genes that have been transformed into a host (e.g.,microorganism) that does not naturally possess them.

As used herein, the term recombinant host is intended to refer to ahost, the genome of which has been augmented by at least oneincorporated DNA sequence. Such DNA sequences include but are notlimited to genes that are not naturally present, DNA sequences that arenot normally transcribed into RNA or translated into a protein(“expressed”), and other genes or DNA sequences which one desires tointroduce into the non-recombinant host. It will be appreciated thattypically the genome of a recombinant host described herein is augmentedthrough the stable introduction of one or more recombinant genes.Generally, the introduced DNA is not originally resident in the hostthat is the recipient of the DNA, but it is within the scope of theinvention to isolate a DNA segment from a given host, and tosubsequently introduce one or more additional copies of that DNA intothe same host, e.g., to enhance production of the product of a gene oralter the expression pattern of a gene. In some instances, theintroduced DNA will modify or even replace an endogenous gene or DNAsequence by, e.g., homologous recombination or site-directedmutagenesis. Suitable recombinant hosts include microorganisms.

The term “recombinant gene” refers to a gene or DNA sequence that isintroduced into a recipient host, regardless of whether the same or asimilar gene or DNA sequence may already be present in such a host.“Introduced,” or “augmented” in this context, is known in the art tomean introduced or augmented by the hand of man. Thus, a recombinantgene may be a DNA sequence from another species, or may be a DNAsequence that originated from or is present in the same species, but hasbeen incorporated into a host by recombinant methods to form arecombinant host. It will be appreciated that a recombinant gene that isintroduced into a host can be identical to a DNA sequence that isnormally present in the host being transformed, and is introduced toprovide one or more additional copies of the DNA to thereby permitoverexpression or modified expression of the gene product of that DNA.

Suitable UGT74G1 and UGT85C2 polypeptides include those made by Steviarebaudiana. Genes encoding functional UGT74G1 and UGT85C2 polypeptidesfrom Stevia are reported in Richman et al. Plant J. 41: 56-67 (2005).Amino acid sequences of S. rebaudiana UGT74G1 (SEQ ID NO: 29) andUGT85C2 (SEQ ID NO: 30) polypeptides are set forth in as sequenceidentifiers numbers 1 and 3, respectively, of PCT Application No.PCT/US2012/050021). Nucleotide sequences that encode UGT74G1 (SEQ ID NO:100) and UGT85C2, (SEQ ID NO: 31) as well as UGT sequences that havebeen optimized for expression in yeast, for example UGTs 85C2 (SEQ IDNO: 32), 91D2e, 91D2e-b, EUGT11 and 76G1, are provided. See also theUGT85C2 and UGT74G1 variants described below in the “Functional Homolog”section. For example, a UGT85C2 polypeptide can contain substitutions atpositions 65, 71, 270, 289, and 389 can be used (e.g., A65S, E71Q,T270M, Q289H, and A389V).

In some embodiments, the recombinant host is a microorganism. Therecombinant microorganism can be grown on media containing steviol inorder to produce rubusoside. In other embodiments, however, therecombinant microorganism expresses one or more recombinant genesinvolved in steviol biosynthesis, e.g., a CDPS gene, a KS gene, a KOgene and/or a KAH gene. Suitable CDPS polypeptides are known.

For example, suitable CDPS enzymes include those made by Steviarebaudiana, Streptomyces clavuligerus, Bradyrhizobium japonicum, Zeamays, and Arabidopsis. See, e.g., Table 6 and PCT Application Nos.PCT/US2012/050021 and PCT/US2011/038967, which are incorporated hereinby reference in their entirety.

In some embodiments, CDPS polypeptides that lack a chloroplast transitpeptide at the amino terminus of the unmodified polypeptide can be used.For example, the first 150 nucleotides from the 5′ end of the Zea maysCDPS coding sequence shown in FIG. 14 of PCT Publication No.PCT/US2012/050021 can be removed. Doing so removes the amino terminal 50residues of the amino acid sequence, which encode a chloroplast transitpeptide. The truncated CDPS gene can be fitted with a new ATGtranslation start site and operably linked to a promoter, typically aconstitutive or highly expressing promoter. When a plurality of copiesof the truncated coding sequence are introduced into a microorganism,expression of the CDPS polypeptide from the promoter results in anincreased carbon flux towards ent-kaurene biosynthesis.

TABLE 6 CDPS Clones Enzyme Source Plasmid Construct Length Organism giNumber Accession Number Name Name (nts) Stevia rebaudiana 2642661AAB87091 pMUS22 MM-9 2364 (SEQ ID NO: 33) Streptomyces 197705855EDY51667 pMUS23 MM-10 1584 clavuligerus (SEQ ID NO: 34) Bradyrhizobium529968 AAC28895.1 pMUS24 MM-11 1551 japonicum (SEQ ID NO: 35) Zea mays50082774 AY562490 EV65 2484 (SEQ ID NO: 36) 50082775 AAT70083 (SEQ IDNO: 37) Arabidopsis thaliana 18412041 NM_116512 EV64 2409 (SEQ ID NO:38) 15235504 NP_192187 (SEQ ID NO: 39)

CDPS-KS bifunctional proteins also can be used. Nucleotide sequencesencoding the CDPS-KS bifunctional enzymes shown in Table 7 were modifiedfor expression in yeast (see PCT Application Nos. PCT/US2012/050021). Abifunctional enzyme from Gibberella fujikuroi also can be used.

TABLE 7 CDPS-KS Clones Enzyme Source Accession Construct Length Organismgi Number Number Name (bp) Phomopsis 186704306 BAG30962 MM-16 2952amygdali (SEQ ID NO: 40) Physcomitrella 146325986 BAF61135 MM-17 2646patens (SEQ ID NO: 41) Gibberella 62900107 Q9UVY5.1 2859 fujikuroi (SEQID NO: 42)

Thus, a microorganism containing a CDPS gene, a KS gene, a KO gene and aKAH gene in addition to a UGT74G1 and a UGT85C2 gene is capable ofproducing both steviol monosides and rubusoside without the necessityfor using steviol as a feedstock.

In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism further expresses arecombinant gene encoding a geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS).Suitable GGPPS polypeptides are known. For example, suitable GGPPSenzymes include those made by Stevia rebaudiana, Gibberella fujikuroi,Mus musculus, Thalassiosira pseudonana, Streptomyces clavuligerus,Sulfulobus acidocaldarius, Synechococcus sp. and Arabidopsis thaliana.See, Table 8 and PCT Application Nos. PCT/US2012/050021 andPCT/US2011/038967, which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety.

TABLE 8 GGPPS Clones Enzyme Source Plasmid Construct Length Organism giNumber Accession Number Name Name (nts) Stevia rebaudiana 90289577ABD92926 pMUS14 MM-1 1086 (SEQ ID NO: 43) Gibberella fujikuroi 3549881CAA75568 pMUS15 MM-2 1029 (SEQ ID NO: 44) Mus musculus 47124116 AAH69913pMUS16 MM-3 903 (SEQ ID NO: 45) Thalassiosira pseudonana 223997332XP_002288339 pMUS17 MM-4 1020 (SEQ ID NO: 46) Streptomyces clavuligerus254389342 ZP_05004570 pMUS18 MM-5 1068 (SEQ ID NO: 47) Sulfulobusacidocaldarius 506371 BAA43200 pMUS19 MM-6 993 (SEQ ID NO: 47)Synechococcus sp. 86553638 ABC98596 pMUS20 MM-7 894 (SEQ ID NO: 49)Arabidopsis thaliana 15234534 NP_195399 pMUS21 MM-8 1113 (SEQ ID NO: 50)

In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism further can expressrecombinant genes involved in diterpene biosynthesis or production ofterpenoid precursors, e.g., genes in the methylerythritol 4-phosphate(MEP) pathway or genes in the mevalonate (MEV) pathway discussed below,have reduced phosphatase activity, and/or express a sucrose synthase(SUS) as discussed herein. In other embodiments, endogenous genes (e.g.DPP1) may be inactivated or deleted in order to affect availability ofsome GGPP/FPP precursors.

B.2 Rebaudioside A, Rebaudioside B, Rebaudioside D, Rebaudioside E, andRebaudioside M Biosynthesis Polypeptides

Biosynthesis of rebaudioside A involves glucosylation of the aglyconesteviol. Specifically, rebaudioside A can be formed by glucosylation ofthe 13-OH of steviol which forms the 13-O-steviolmonoside, glucosylationof the C-2′ of the 13-O-glucose of steviolmonoside which formssteviol-1,2-bioside, glucosylation of the C-19 carboxyl ofsteviol-1,2-bioside which forms stevioside, and glucosylation of theC-3′ of the C-13-O-glucose of stevioside. The order in which eachglucosylation reaction occurs can vary. See FIG. 1.

Biosynthesis of rebaudioside B involves glucosylation of the aglyconesteviol. Specifically, rebaudioside B can be formed by glucosylation ofthe 13-OH of steviol which forms the 13-O-steviolmonoside, glucosylationof the C-2′ of the 13-O-glucose of steviolmonoside which formssteviol-1,2-bioside, and glucosylation of the C-3′ of the C-13-O-glucoseof steviol-1,2-bioside. The order in which each glucosylation reactionoccurs can vary.

Biosynthesis of rebaudioside E and/or rebaudioside D involvesglucosylation of the aglycone steviol. Specifically, rebaudioside E canbe formed by glucosylation of the 13-OH of steviol which formssteviol-13-O-glucoside, glucosylation of the C-2′ of the 13-O-glucose ofsteviol-13-O-glucoside which forms the steviol-1,2-bioside,glucosylation of the C-19 carboxyl of the 1,2-bioside to form1,2-stevioside, and glucosylation of the C-2′ of the 19-O-glucose of the1,2-stevioside to form rebaudioside E. Rebaudioside D can be formed byglucosylation of the C-3′ of the C-13-O-glucose of rebaudioside E. Theorder in which each glycosylation reaction occurs can vary. For example,the glucosylation of the C-2′ of the 19-O-glucose may be the last stepin the pathway, wherein Rebaudioside A is an intermediate in thepathway. See FIG. 1.

It has been discovered that conversion of steviol to rebaudioside A,rebaudioside B rebaudioside D, rebaudioside M, and/or rebaudioside E ina recombinant host can be accomplished by expressing the followingfunctional UGTs: EUGT11, 91D2, 74G1, 85C2, and 76G1. Thus, a recombinantmicroorganism expressing combinations of these UGTs can makerebaudioside A and rebaudioside D when steviol is used as a feedstock.Typically, one or more of these genes are recombinant genes that havebeen transformed into a microorganism that does not naturally possessthem. It has also been discovered that UGTs designated herein as SM12UGTcan be substituted for UGT91D2.

In some embodiments, less than five (e.g., one, two, three, or four)UGTs are expressed in a host. For example, a recombinant microorganismexpressing a functional EUGT11 can make rebaudioside D when rebaudiosideA is used as a feedstock. A recombinant microorganism expressing, UGTs85C, 91D2e or EUGT11, but preferably 91D2e, and 76G1 can makerebaudioside B. A recombinant microorganism expressing EUGT11, 76G1, and91D12 (e.g., 91D2e), can make rebaudioside D when rubusoside or1,2-stevioside is used as a feedstock. As another alternative, arecombinant microorganism expressing three functional UGTs, EUGT11,74G1, 76G1, and optionally 91D2, can make rebaudioside D when fed themonoside, steviol-13-O-glucoside, in the medium. Similarly, conversionof steviol-19-O-glucoside to rebaudioside D in a recombinantmicroorganism can be accomplished by the expression of genes encodingUGTs EUGT11, 85C2, 76G1, and 91D2 (e.g., 91D2e) when fedsteviol-19-O-glucoside. Typically, one or more of these genes arerecombinant genes that have been transformed into a host that does notnaturally possess them.

Rebaudioside M Polypeptides

Conversion of steviol to Rebaudioside M in a recombinant host can beaccomplished by expressing combinations of the following functionalUGTs: 91D2, EUGT11, 74G1, 85C2, and 76G1. See FIG. 1. It is particularlyuseful to express EUGT11 at high levels using a high copy numberplasmid, or using a strong promoter, or multiple integrated copies ofthe gene, or episome under selection for high copy number of the gene.Thus, a recombinant microorganism expressing combinations of these UGTscan make Rebaudioside A (85C2; 76G1; 74G1; 91D2e), Rebaudioside D (85C2;76G1; 74G1; 91D2e; EUGT11), Rebaudioside E (85C2; 74G1; 91D2e; EUGT11),or Rebaudioside M (85C2; 76G1; 74G1; 91D2e; EUGT11). See FIG. 1.Typically, one or more of these genes are recombinant genes that havebeen transformed into a microorganism that does not naturally possessthem. It has also been discovered that UGTs designated herein as SM12UGTcan be substituted for UGT91D2.

Targeted production of individual Rebaudiosides, as shown in FIG. 1, isaccomplished by controlling the relative levels of UDP-glycosyltransferase activities. This can be accomplished by differential copynumbers of the UGT-encoding genes, differential promoter strengths,and/or by utilizing mutants with increased specificity/activity towardsthe product of interest. See FIG. 1. For example, low levels ofRebaudioside D, E, and M will be formed if EUGT11 is expressed at lowlevels in comparison to the other UGTs, which would favor Rebaudioside Aformation. High levels of EUGT11 expression result in more of the 19-O1,2 diglucoside substrate for the UGT76G1 to react with in order to formRebaudioside M. Since this is not the preferred activity of the UGT76G1polypeptide, additional copies or mutant versions of the UGT76G1 canimprove the rate of Rebaudioside M formation from Rebaudioside D. Asuitable UGT76G1 also catalyzes the transfer of a glucose moiety to theC-3′ of the 19-O glucose of the acceptor molecule wherein the acceptormolecule can contain a 1,2 glycoside moiety at the 19-0 position ofsteviol.

Suitable UGT74G1 and UGT85C2 polypeptides include those discussed above.A suitable UGT76G1 adds a glucose moiety to the C-3′ of theC-13-O-glucose of the acceptor molecule, a steviol 1,2 glycoside. Thus,UGT76G1 functions, for example, as a uridine 5′-diphosphoglucosyl:steviol 13-O-1,2 glucoside C-3′ glucosyl transferase and auridine 5′-diphospho glucosyl:steviol-19-O-glucose, 13-O-1,2 biosideC-3′ glucosyl transferase. Functional UGT76G1 polypeptides may alsocatalyze glucosyl transferase reactions that utilize steviol glycosidesubstrates that contain sugars other than glucose. Suitable UGT76G1polypeptides include those made by S. rebaudiana and reported in Richmanet al. Plant J. 41: 56-67 (2005). The amino acid sequence of a S.rebaudiana UGT76G1 polypeptide (e.g. SEQ ID NO: 85) is set forth in PCTPublication No. PCT/US2012/050021, as is a nucleotide sequence thatencodes the UGT76G1 polypeptide and is optimized for expression inyeast. See also the UGT76G1 variants set forth in the “FunctionalHomolog” section.

A suitable EUGT11 or UGT91D2 polypeptide functions as a uridine5′-diphospho glucosyl:steviol-13-O-glucoside transferase (also referredto as a steviol-13-monoglucoside 1,2-glucosylase), transferring aglucose moiety to the C-2′ of the 13-O-glucose of the acceptor molecule,steviol-13-O-glucoside.

A suitable EUGT11 or UGT91D2 polypeptide also functions as a uridine5′-diphospho glucosyl: rubusoside transferase transferring a glucosemoiety to the C-2′ of the 13-O-glucose of the acceptor molecule,rubusoside, to produce stevioside. EUGT11 polypeptides also canefficiently transfer a glucose moiety to the C-2′ of the 19-O-glucose ofthe acceptor molecule, rubusoside, to produce a 19-O-1,2-diglycosylatedrubusoside. EUGT11 is particularly efficient at transfer of glucosemolecules to 19-O-glucose substituted steviol glycoside molecules.

Functional EUGT11 or UGT91D2 polypeptides also can catalyze reactionsthat utilize steviol glycoside substrates other thansteviol-13-O-glucoside and rubusoside. For example, a functional EUGT11polypeptide may efficiently utilize stevioside as a substrate,transferring a glucose moiety to the C-2′ of the 19-O-glucose residue toproduce Rebaudioside E. Functional EUGT11 and UGT91D2 polypeptides mayalso utilize Rebaudioside A as a substrate, transferring a glucosemoiety to the C-2′ of the 19-O-glucose residue of Rebaudioside A toproduce Rebaudioside D. EUGT11 (SEQ ID NO: 51) can convert RebaudiosideA to Rebaudioside D at a rate that is least 20 times faster (e.g., asleast 25 times or at least 30 times faster) than the corresponding rateof UGT91D2e (SEQ ID NO: 54) when the reactions are performed undersimilar conditions, i.e., similar time, temperature, purity, andsubstrate concentration. As such, EUGT11 produces greater amounts ofRebD than UGT91D2e when incubated under similar conditions.

In addition, a functional EUGT11 exhibits significant C-2′19-O-diglycosylation activity with rubusoside or stevioside assubstrates, whereas UGT91D2e has less diglycosylation activity withthese substrates. Thus, a functional EUGT11 can be distinguished fromUGT91D2e by the differences in steviol glycoside substrate-specificity.

A functional EUGT11 or UGT91D2 polypeptide typically does not transfer aglucose moiety to steviol compounds having a 1,3-bound glucose at theC-13 position, i.e., transfer of a glucose moiety to steviol 1,3-biosideand 1,3-stevioside does not occur at detectable levels under mostconditions.

Suitable EUGT11 polypeptides can include the EUGT11 polypeptide fromOryza sativa (GenBank Accession No. AC133334; SEQ ID NO: 51). Forexample, an EUGT11 polypeptide can have an amino acid sequence with atleast 70% sequence identity (e.g., at least 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 96, 97,98, or 99% sequence identity) to the amino acid sequence set forth inSEQ ID NO: 51. The nucleotide sequence encoding the amino acid sequenceof EUGT11 also is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 52 as is a codon optimizednucleotide sequence for expression in yeast SEQ ID NO: 53.

Suitable functional UGT91D2 polypeptides include the polypeptidesdesignated UGT91D2e and UGT91D2m. The amino acid sequence of anexemplary UGT91D2e polypeptide from Stevia rebaudiana is set forth inSEQ ID NO: 54 (encoded by nucleotide sequence identifier number 5 of PCTApplication No. PCT/US2012/050021), which also discloses the S.rebaudiana nucleotide sequence encoding the polypeptide, a nucleotidesequence that encodes the polypeptide and that has been codon optimized(SEQ ID NO: 158) for expression in yeast, the amino acid sequences ofexemplary UGT91D2m polypeptides from S. rebaudiana, and nucleic acidsequences encoding the exemplary UGT91D2m polypeptides. The amino acidsequence of exemplary UGT91D2m is shown as SEQ ID NO: 55. UGT91D2variants containing a substitution at amino acid residues 206, 207, and343 also can be used. For example, the amino acid sequence having G206R,Y207C, and W343R mutations with respect to wild-type UGT92D2e can beused. In addition, a UGT91D2 variant containing substitutions at aminoacid residues 211 and 286 can be used. For example, a UGT91D2 variantcan include a substitution of a methionine for leucine at position 211and a substitution of an alanine for valine at position 286. See alsothe UGT91D2 variants descried in the “functional homolog” section.

As indicated above, UGTs designated herein as SM12UGT can be substitutedfor UGT91D2. Suitable functional SM12UGT polypeptides include those madeby Ipomoea purpurea (Japanese morning glory) and described in Morita etal. Plant J. 42: 353-363 (2005). The amino acid sequence encoding the I.purpurea IP3GGT polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 56) is set forth using sequenceidentifier number 76 in PCT Application No. PCT/US2012/050021, as is anucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 57) that encodes the polypeptide andthat has been codon optimized for expression in yeast. Another suitableSM12UGT polypeptide is a Bp94B1 polypeptide having an R25S mutation. SeeOsmani et al. Plant Phys. 148: 1295-1308 (2008) and Sawada et al. J.Biol. Chem. 280: 899-906 (2005). The amino acid sequence of the Bellisperennis (red daisy) UGT94B1 polypeptide (SEQ ID NO: 58) is set forthusing sequence identifier number 78 in PCT Application No.PCT/US2012/050021, as is a nucleotide sequence (SEQ ID NO: 59) thatencodes the polypeptide and that has been codon optimized for expressionin yeast.

In some embodiments, the recombinant microorganism is grown on mediacontaining steviol-13-O-glucoside or steviol-19-O-glucoside in order toproduce rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside Eand/or rebaudioside M. In such embodiments, the microorganism containsand expresses genes encoding a functional EUGT11, a functional UGT74G1,a functional UGT85C2, a functional UGT76G1, and a functional UGT91D2,and is capable of accumulating rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B,rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E and/or rebaudioside M when steviol, oneor both of the steviolmonosides, or rubusoside is used as feedstock.

In other embodiments, the recombinant microorganism is grown on mediacontaining rubusoside in order to produce rebaudioside A, rebaudiosideB, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E and/or rebaudioside M. In suchembodiments, the microorganism contains and expresses genes encoding afunctional EUGT11, a functional UGT76G1, and a functional UGT91D2, andis capable of producing rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D,rebaudioside E and/or rebaudioside M when rubusoside is used asfeedstock.

In other embodiments the recombinant microorganism expresses one or moregenes involved in steviol biosynthesis, e.g., a CDPS gene, a KS gene, aKO gene and/or a KAH gene. Thus, for example, a microorganism containinga CDPS gene, a KS gene, a KO gene and a KAH gene, in addition to aEUGT11, a UGT74G1, a UGT85C2, a UGT76G1, and optionally a functionalUGT91D2 (e.g., UGT91D2e), is capable of producing rebaudioside A,rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E and/or rebaudioside Mwithout the necessity for including steviol in the culture media. Inanother example, a microorganism containing a CDPS gene, a KS gene, a KOgene and a KAH gene, in addition to a UGT74G1, a UGT85C2, a UGT76G1, andoptionally a functional UGT91D2 (e.g., UGT91D2e), is capable ofproducing rebaudio side A without the necessity for including steviol inthe culture media. In yet another example, a microorganism containing aCDPS gene, a KS gene, a KO gene and a KAH gene, in addition to aUGT85C2, a UGT76G1, and optionally a functional UGT91D2 (e.g.,UGT91D2e), is capable of producing rebaudioside B without the necessityfor including steviol in the culture media.

In some embodiments, the recombinant host further contains and expressesa recombinant GGPPS gene in order to provide increased levels of thediterpene precursor geranylgeranyl diphosphate, for increased fluxthrough the steviol biosynthetic pathway.

In some embodiments, the recombinant host further contains a constructto silence the expression of non-steviol pathways consuminggeranylgeranyl diphosphate, ent-Kaurenoic acid or farnesylpyrophosphate, thereby providing increased flux through the steviol andsteviol glycosides biosynthetic pathways. For example, flux to sterolproduction pathways such as ergosterol may be reduced by downregulationof the ERG9 gene. See section C.4 below. In cells that producegibberellins, gibberellin synthesis may be downregulated to increaseflux of ent-kaurenoic acid to steviol. In carotenoid-producingorganisms, flux to steviol may be increased by downregulation of one ormore carotenoid biosynthetic genes. In some embodiments, the recombinantmicroorganism further can express recombinant genes involved inditerpene biosynthesis or production of terpenoid precursors, e.g.,genes in the MEP or MEV) pathways, have reduced phosphatase activity,and/or express a SUS.

One with skill in the art will recognize that by modulating relativeexpression levels of different UGT genes, a recombinant host can betailored to specifically produce steviol glycoside products in a desiredproportion. Transcriptional regulation of steviol biosynthesis genes andsteviol glycoside biosynthesis genes can be achieved by a combination oftranscriptional activation and repression using techniques known tothose in the art. For in vitro reactions, one with skill in the art willrecognize that addition of different levels of UGT enzymes incombination or under conditions which impact the relative activities ofthe different UGTS in combination will direct synthesis towards adesired proportion of each steviol glycoside. One with skill in the artwill recognize that a higher proportion of rebaudioside D or E or moreefficient conversion to rebaudioside D or E can be obtained with adiglycosylation enzyme that has a higher activity for the 19-O-glucosidereaction as compared to the 13-O-glucoside reaction (substratesrebaudioside A and stevioside).

In some embodiments, a recombinant host such as a microorganism producesrebaudioside D-enriched steviol glycoside compositions that have greaterthan at least 3% rebaudioside D by weight total steviol glycosides,e.g., at least 4% rebaudioside D at least 5% rebaudioside D, 10-20%rebaudioside D, 20-30% rebaudioside D, 30-40% rebaudioside D, 40-50%rebaudioside D, 50-60% rebaudioside D, 60-70% rebaudioside D, 70-80%rebaudioside D.

In some embodiments, a recombinant host such as a microorganism producessteviol glycoside compositions that have at least 90% rebaudioside D,e.g., 90-99% rebaudioside D. Other steviol glycosides present mayinclude steviol monosides, steviol glucobiosides, rebaudioside A,rebaudioside E, and stevioside. In some embodiments, the rebaudiosideD-enriched composition produced by the host (e.g., microorganism) can befurther purified and the rebaudioside D or rebaudioside E so purifiedcan then be mixed with other steviol glycosides, flavors, or sweetenersto obtain a desired flavor system or sweetening composition. Forinstance, a rebaudioside D-enriched composition produced by arecombinant host can be combined with a rebaudio side A or F-enrichedcomposition produced by a different recombinant host, with rebaudiosideA or F purified from a Stevia extract, or with rebaudioside A or Fproduced in vitro.

In some embodiments, rebaudioside A, rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D,rebaudioside E and/or rebaudioside M can be produced using wholerecombinant cells that are fed raw materials that contain precursormolecules such as steviol and/or steviol glycosides, including mixturesof steviol glycosides derived from plant extracts, wherein saidrecombinant cells express all or the appropriate combination of UGTpolypeptides to effect glucosylation of said steviol to each of theparticular glucosylated rebaudiosides. In some embodiments, therecombinant cells can optionally express a transporter, such that theyefficiently excrete the rebaudioside without need for permeabilizationagents to be added. The raw materials may be fed during cell growth orafter cell growth. The whole cells may be in suspension or immobilized.The whole cells may be entrapped in beads, for example calcium or sodiumalginate beads. The whole cells may be linked to a hollow fiber tubereactor system. The whole cells may be concentrated and entrapped withina membrane reactor system. The whole cells may be in fermentation brothor in a reaction buffer. In some embodiments, a permeabilizing agent isutilized for efficient transfer of substrate into the cells. In someembodiments, the cells are permeabilized with a solvent such as toluene,or with a detergent such as Triton-X or Tween. In some embodiments, thecells are permeabilized with a surfactant, for example a cationicsurfactant such as cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). In someembodiments, the cells are permeabilized with periodic mechanical shocksuch as electroporation or a slight osmotic shock. The cells can containone recombinant UGT or multiple recombinant UGTs. For example, the cellscan contain UGT 76G1 and EUGT11 such that mixtures of stevioside andRebA are efficiently converted to RebD. In some embodiments, the wholecells are the host cells described in section III A. In someembodiments, the whole cells are a Gram-negative bacterium such as E.coli. In some embodiments, the whole cell is a Gram-positive bacteriumsuch as Bacillus. In some embodiments, the whole cell is a fungalspecies such as Aspergillus, or a yeast such as Saccharomyces. In someembodiments, the term “whole cell biocatalysis” is used to refer to theprocess in which the whole cells are grown as described above (e.g., ina medium and optionally permeabilized) and a substrate such as rebA orstevioside is provided and converted to the end product using theenzymes from the cells. The cells may or may not be viable, and may ormay not be growing during the bioconversion reactions. In contrast, infermentation, the cells are cultured in a growth medium and fed a carbonand energy source such as glucose and the end product is produced withviable cells.

C. Other Polypeptides

Genes for additional polypeptides whose expression facilitates moreefficient or larger scale production of steviol or a steviol glycosidecan also be introduced into a recombinant host. For example, arecombinant microorganism can also contain one or more genes encoding ageranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS, also referred to as GGDPS).As another example, the recombinant host can contain one or more genesencoding a rhamnose synthetase, or one or more genes encoding aUDP-glucose dehydrogenase and/or a UDP-glucuronic acid decarboxylase. Asanother example, a recombinant host can also contain one or more genesencoding a cytochrome P450 reductase (CPR). Expression of a recombinantCPR facilitates the cycling of NADP+ to regenerate NADPH, which isutilized as a cofactor for terpenoid biosynthesis. Other methods can beused to regenerate NADHP levels as well. In circumstances where NADPHbecomes limiting; strains can be further modified to include exogenoustranshydrogenase genes. See, e.g., Sauer et al. J. Biol. Chem. 279:6613-6619 (2004). Other methods are known to those with skill in the artto reduce or otherwise modify the ratio of NADH/NADPH such that thedesired cofactor level is increased.

As another example, the recombinant host can contain one or more genesencoding one or more enzymes in the MEP pathway or the mevalonatepathway. Such genes are useful because they can increase the flux ofcarbon into the diterpene biosynthesis pathway, producing geranylgeranyldiphosphate from isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphategenerated by the pathway. The geranylgeranyl diphosphate so produced canbe directed towards steviol and steviol glycoside biosynthesis due toexpression of steviol biosynthesis polypeptides and steviol glycosidebiosynthesis polypeptides.

As another example the recombinant host can contain one or more genesencoding a sucrose synthase, and additionally can contain sucrose uptakegenes if desired. The sucrose synthase reaction can be used to increasethe UDP-glucose pool in a fermentation host, or in a whole cellbioconversion process. This regenerates UDP-glucose from UDP producedduring glycosylation and sucrose, allowing for efficient glycosylation.In some organisms, disruption of the endogenous invertase isadvantageous to prevent degradation of sucrose. For example, the S.cerevisiae SUC2 invertase may be disrupted. The sucrose synthase (SUS)can be from any suitable organism. For example, a sucrose synthasecoding sequence from, without limitation, Arabidopsis thaliana, Steviarebaudiana, or Coffea arabica can be cloned into an expression plasmidunder control of a suitable promoter, and expressed in a microorganism.The sucrose synthase can be expressed in such a strain in combinationwith a sucrose transporter (e.g., the A. thaliana SUC1 transporter or afunctional homolog thereof) and one or more UGTs (e.g., one or more ofUGT85C2, UGT74G1, UGT76G1, and UGT91D2e, EUGT11 or functional homologsthereof). Culturing the host in a medium that contains sucrose canpromote production of UDP-glucose, as well as one or more glucosides(e.g., steviol glycosides).

Expression of the ERG9 gene, which encodes squalene synthase (SQS), alsocan be reduced in recombinant hosts such that there is a build-up ofprecursors to squalene synthase in the recombinant host. SQS isclassified under EC 2.5.1.21 and is the first committed enzyme of thebiosynthesis pathway that leads to the production of sterols. Itcatalyzes the synthesis of squalene from farnesyl pyrophosphate via theintermediate presqualene pyrophosphate. This enzyme is a critical branchpoint enzyme in the biosynthesis of terpenoids/isoprenoids and isthought to regulate the flux of isoprene intermediates through thesterol pathway. The enzyme is sometimes referred to asfarnesyl-diphosphate farnesyltransferase (FDFT1). The mechanism of SQSis to convert two units of farnesyl pyrophosphate into squalene. SQS isconsidered to be an enzyme of eukaryotes or advanced organisms, althoughat least one prokaryote has been shown to possess a functionally similarenzyme.

Genes for polypeptides whose inactivation facilitates more efficient orlarger scale production of steviol or a steviol glycoside can bemodified in a recombinant host. For example, an endogenous gene encodinga phosphatase such as the yeast diacylglycerol pyrophosphate phosphataseencoded by the DPP1 gene and/or the yeast lipid phosphate phosphataseencoded by the LPP1 gene can be inactivated such that the degradation offarnesyl pyrophosphate (FPP) to farnesol is reduced and the degradationof geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP)) to geranylgeraniol (GGOH) isreduced. Such genes can be inactivated or have expression reduced byknown techniques such as homologous recombination, mutagenesis, ortranscription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs).

C.1 MEP Biosynthesis Polypeptides

In some embodiments, a recombinant host contains one or more genesencoding enzymes involved in the methylerythritol 4-phosphate (MEP)pathway for isoprenoid biosynthesis. Enzymes in the MEP pathway includedeoxyxylulose 5-phosphate synthase (DXS), D-1-deoxyxylulose 5-phosphatereductoisomerase (DXR), 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritolsynthase (CMS), 4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol kinase (CMK),4-diphosphocytidyl-2-C-methyl-D-erythritol 2,4-cyclodiphosphate synthase(MCS), 1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate synthase (HDS) and1-hydroxy-2-methyl-2(E)-butenyl 4-diphosphate reductase (HDR). One ormore DXS genes, DXR genes, CMS genes, CMK genes, MCS genes, HDS genesand/or HDR genes can be incorporated into a recombinant microorganism.See, Rodriguez-Concepción and Boronat, Plant Phys. 130: 1079-1089(2002).

Suitable genes encoding DXS, DXR, CMS, CMK, MCS, HDS and/or HDRpolypeptides include those made by E. coli, Arabidopsis thaliana andSynechococcus leopoliensis. Nucleotide sequences encoding DXRpolypeptides are described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 7,335,815.

C.2 Mevalonate Biosynthesis Polypeptides

In some embodiments, a recombinant host contains one or more genesencoding enzymes involved in the mevalonate pathway for isoprenoidbiosynthesis. Genes suitable for transformation into a host encodeenzymes in the mevalonate pathway such as a truncated3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl (HMG)-CoA reductase (tHMG), and/or a geneencoding a mevalonate kinase (MK), and/or a gene encoding aphosphomevalonate kinase (PMK), and/or a gene encoding a mevalonatepyrophosphate decarboxylase (MPPD). Thus, one or more HMG-CoA reductasegenes, MK genes, PMK genes, and/or MPPD genes can be incorporated into arecombinant host such as a microorganism.

Suitable genes encoding mevalonate pathway polypeptides are known. Forexample, suitable polypeptides include those made by E. coli, Paracoccusdenitrificans, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Arabidopsis thaliana,Kitasatospora griseola, Homo sapiens, Drosophila melanogaster, Gallusgallus, Streptomyces sp. KO-3988, Nicotiana attenuata, Kitasatosporagriseola, Hevea brasiliensis, Enterococcus faecium and Haematococcuspluvialis. See, e.g., Table 9, U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,183,089, 5,460,949, and5,306,862, and PCT Application Nos. PCT/US2012/050021 andPCT/US2011/038967, which are incorporated herein by reference in theirentirety.

TABLE 9 Sources of HMG CoA Reductases and other Mevalonate Genes GeneAccession# Organism Enzyme Size (nt) name XM_001467423 LeishmaniaAcetyl-CoA C- 1323 MEV-4 (aa SEQ ID NO: 60) infantum acetyltransferase(nt SEQ ID NO: 61) YML075C Saccharomyces Truncated HMG 1584 tHMG1 (aaSEQID NO: 62) cerevisiae (tHMG1) (nt SEQ ID NO: 63) EU263989 Ganoderma3-HMG-CoA 3681 MEV-11 (aaSEQ ID NO: 64) lucidum reductase (nt SEQ ID NO:65) BC153262 Bos taurus 3-HMG-CoA 2667 MEV-12 (aa SEQ ID NO: 66)reductase (nt SEQ ID NO: 67) AAD47596 Artemisia annua 3-HMG-CoA 1704MEV-13 (aa SEQ ID NO: 68) reductase (nt SEQ ID NO: 69) AAB62280Trypanosoma cruzi 3-HMG-CoA 1308 MEV-14 (aa SEQ ID NO: 70) reductase (ntSEQ ID NO: 71) CAG41604 Staph aureus 3-HMG-CoA 1281 MEV-15 (aa SEQ IDNO: 72) reductase (nt SEQ ID NO: 73) DNA2.0 sequence Archaeoglobus3-HMG-CoA 1311 HMG (aa SEQ ID NO: 74) fulgidus reductase (nt SEQ ID NO:75) reductase DNA2.0 sequence Pseudomonas 3-HMG-CoA 1287 HMG (aa SEQ IDNO: 76) mevalonii reductase (nt SEQ ID NO: 77) reductaseC.3 Sucrose Synthase Polypeptides

Sucrose synthase (SUS) can be used as a tool for generating UDP-sugar.SUS (EC 2.4.1.13) catalyzes the formation of UDP-glucose and fructosefrom sucrose and UDP. UDP generated by the reaction of UGTs thus can beconverted into UDP-glucose in the presence of sucrose. See, e.g., Chenet al. (2001) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 123:8866-8867; Shao et al. (2003) Appl.Env. Microbiol. 69:5238-5242; Masada et al. (2007) FEBS Lett.581:2562-2566; and Son et al. (2009) J. Microbiol. Biotechnol.19:709-712.

Sucrose synthases can be used to generate UDP-glucose and remove UDP,facilitating efficient glycosylation of compounds in various systems.For example, yeast deficient in the ability to utilize sucrose can bemade to grow on sucrose by introducing a sucrose transporter and a SUS.For example, Saccharomyces cerevisiae does not have an efficient sucroseuptake system, and relies on extracellular SUC2 to utilize sucrose. Thecombination of disrupting the endogenous S. cerevisiae SUC2 invertaseand expressing recombinant SUS resulted in a yeast strain that was ableto metabolize intracellular but not extracellular sucrose (Riesmeier etal. ((1992) EMBO J. 11:4705-4713). The strain was used to isolatesucrose transporters by transformation with a cDNA expression libraryand selection of transformants that had gained the ability to take upsucrose.

The combined expression of recombinant sucrose synthase and a sucrosetransporter in vivo can lead to increased UDP-glucose availability andremoval of unwanted UDP. For example, functional expression of arecombinant sucrose synthase, a sucrose transporter, and aglycosyltransferase, in combination with knockout of the natural sucrosedegradation system (SUC2 in the case of S. cerevisiae) can be used togenerate a cell that is capable of producing increased amounts ofglycosylated compounds such as steviol glycosides. This higherglycosylation capability is due to at least (a) a higher capacity forproducing UDP-glucose in a more energy efficient manner, and (b) removalof UDP from growth medium, as UDP can inhibit glycosylation reactions.

The sucrose synthase can be from any suitable organism. For example, asucrose synthase coding sequence from, without limitation, Arabidopsisthaliana (e.g. SEQ ID NO:78), or Coffea arabica (e.g., SEQ ID NO:80)(see, e.g., SEQ ID NOs:178, 179, and 180 of PCT/US2012/050021) can becloned into an expression plasmid under control of a suitable promoter,and expressed in a host (e.g., a microorganism or a plant). A SUS codingsequence may be expressed in a SUC2 (sucrose hydrolyzing enzyme)deficient S. cerevisiae strain, so as to avoid degradation ofextracellular sucrose by the yeast. The sucrose synthase can beexpressed in such a strain in combination with a sucrose transporter(e.g., the A. thaliana SUC1 transporter or a functional homolog thereof)and one or more UGTs (e.g., one or more of UGT85C2, UGT74G1, UGT76G1,EUGT11, and UGT91D2e, or functional homologs thereof). Culturing thehost in a medium that contains sucrose can promote production ofUDP-glucose, as well as one or more glucosides (e.g., steviolglucoside). It is to be noted that in some cases, a sucrose synthase anda sucrose transporter can be expressed along with a UGT in a host cellthat also is recombinant for production of a particular compound (e.g.,steviol).

C.4 Squalene Synthase Polypeptides

Expression of an endogenous squalene synthase gene can be altered in arecombinant host described herein using a nucleic acid constructcontaining, for example, two regions that are homologous to parts of thegenome sequence within the promoter of a gene encoding a squalenesynthase or 5′ end of the open reading frame (ORF) encoding squalenesynthase, respectively. In yeast, for example, such a construct cancontain two regions that are homologous to parts of the genome sequencewithin the ERG9 promoter or 5′ end of the ERG9 open reading frame,respectively. The construct further can include a promoter, such aseither the wild type ScKex2 or wild type ScCyc1 for yeast. The promoterfurther can include a heterologous insert such as a hairpin at its3′-end. The polypeptide encoded by the ORF has at least 70% identity toa squalene synthase (EC 2.5.1.21) or a biologically active fragmentthereof, said fragment having at least 70% sequence identity to saidsqualene synthase in a range of overlap of at least 100 amino acids.See, for example, PCT/US2012/050021.

The heterologous insert can adapt the secondary structure element of ahairpin with a hairpin loop. The heterologous insert sequence has thegeneral formula (I):-X1-X2-X3-X4-X5

X2 comprises at least 4 consecutive nucleotides being complementary to,and forming a hairpin secondary structure element with at least 4consecutive nucleotides of X4, and X3 is optional and if presentcomprises nucleotides involved in forming a hairpin loop between X2 andX4, and

X1 and X5 individually and optionally comprise one or more nucleotides,and X2 and X4 may individually consist of any suitable number ofnucleotides, so long as a consecutive sequence of at least 4 nucleotidesof X2 is complementary to a consecutive sequence of at least 4nucleotides of X4. In some embodiments, X2 and X4 consist of the samenumber of nucleotides.

The heterologous insert is long enough to allow a hairpin to becompleted, but short enough to allow limited translation of an ORF thatis present in-frame and immediately 3′ to the heterologous insert.Typically, the heterologous insert is from 10-50 nucleotides in length,e.g., 10-30 nucleotides, 15-25 nucleotides, 17-22 nucleotides, 18-21nucleotides, 18-20 nucleotides, or 19 nucleotides in length.

X2 may for example consist of in the range of 4 to 25 nucleotides, suchas in the range of 4 to 20, 4 to 15, 6 to 12, 8 to 12, or 9 to 11nucleotides.

X4 may for example consist of in the range of 4 to 25 nucleotides, suchas in the range of 4 to 20, 4 to 15, 6 to 12, 8 to 12, or 9 to 11nucleotides.

In some embodiments, X2 consists of a nucleotide sequence that iscomplementary to the nucleotide sequence of X4, all nucleotides of X2are complementary to the nucleotide sequence of X4.

X3 may be absent, i.e., X3 may consist of zero nucleotides. It is alsopossible that X3 consists of in the range of 1 to 5 nucleotides, such asin the range of 1 to 3 nucleotides.

X1 may be absent, i.e., X1 may consist of zero nucleotides. It is alsopossible that X1 consists of in the range of 1 to 25 nucleotides, suchas in the range of 1 to 20, 1 to 15, 1 to 10, 1 to 5, or 1 to 3nucleotides.

X5 may be absent, i.e., X5 may consist of zero nucleotides. It is alsopossible that X5 may consist of in the range 1 to 5 nucleotides, such asin the range of 1 to 3 nucleotides.

The heterologous insert can be any suitable sequence fulfilling therequirements defined herein. For example, the heterologous insert maycomprise tgaattcgttaacgaattc (SEQ ID NO: 81), tgaattcgttaacgaactc (SEQID NO: 82), tgaattcgttaacgaagtc (SEQ ID NO: 83), or tgaattcgttaacgaaatt(SEQ ID NO: 84).

Without being bound to a particular mechanism, ERG9 expression in yeastcan be decreased by at least partly, sterically hindering binding of theribosome to the RNA thus reducing the translation of squalene synthase.Using a construct can decrease turnover of farnesyl-pyrophosphate tosqualene and/or enhance accumulation of a compound selected from thegroup consisting of farnesyl-pyrophosphate, isopentenyl-pyrophosphate,dimethylallyl-pyrophosphate, geranyl-pyrophosphate andgeranylgeranyl-pyrophosphate.

Occasionally it may be advantageous to include a squalene synthaseinhibitor when culturing recombinant hosts described herein. Chemicalinhibition of squalene synthase, e.g., by lapaquistat, is known in theart. Other squalene synthase inhibitors include Zaragozic acid and RPR107393. Thus, in one embodiment the culturing step of the method(s)defined herein are performed in the presence of a squalene synthaseinhibitor.

In some embodiments, the recombinant yeast hosts described hereincontain a mutation in the ERG9 open reading frame.

In some embodiments, the recombinant yeast hosts described hereincontain an ERG9[Δ]::HIS3 deletion/insertion allele.

D. Functional Homologs

Functional homologs of polypeptides described herein are also suitablefor use in producing steviol or steviol glycosides in a recombinanthost. A functional homolog is a polypeptide that has sequence similarityto a reference polypeptide, and that carries out one or more of thebiochemical or physiological function(s) of the reference polypeptide. Afunctional homolog and the reference polypeptide may be naturaloccurring polypeptides, and the sequence similarity may be due toconvergent or divergent evolutionary events. As such, functionalhomologs are sometimes designated in the literature as homologs, ororthologs, or paralogs. Variants of a naturally occurring functionalhomolog, such as polypeptides encoded by mutants of a wild type codingsequence, may themselves be functional homologs. Functional homologs canalso be created via site-directed mutagenesis of the coding sequence fora polypeptide, or by combining domains from the coding sequences fordifferent naturally-occurring polypeptides (“domain swapping”).Techniques for modifying genes encoding functional UGT polypeptidesdescribed herein are known and include, inter alia, directed evolutiontechniques, site-directed mutagenesis techniques and random mutagenesistechniques, and can be useful to increase specific activity of apolypeptide, alter substrate specificity, alter expression levels, altersubcellular location, or modify polypeptide:polypeptide interactions ina desired manner. Such modified polypeptides are considered functionalhomologs. The term “functional homolog” is sometimes applied to thenucleic acid that encodes a functionally homologous polypeptide.

Functional homologs can be identified by analysis of nucleotide andpolypeptide sequence alignments. For example, performing a query on adatabase of nucleotide or polypeptide sequences can identify homologs ofsteviol or steviol glycoside biosynthesis polypeptides or transportergenes or proteins or transcription factor genes or proteins thatregulate expression of at least one transporter gene. Sequence analysiscan involve BLAST, Reciprocal BLAST, or PSI-BLAST analysis ofnonredundant databases using a GGPPS, a CDPS, a KS, a KO, a KAH or atransporter or transcription factor amino acid sequence as the referencesequence. Amino acid sequence is, in some instances, deduced from thenucleotide sequence. Those polypeptides in the database that havegreater than 40% sequence identity are candidates for further evaluationfor suitability as a functional homolog for a steviol or steviolglycoside biosynthesis polypeptide or as a functional homolog for atransporter protein or transcription factor that regulates expression ofat least one transporter gene. Amino acid sequence similarity allows forconservative amino acid substitutions, such as substitution of onehydrophobic residue for another or substitution of one polar residue foranother. If desired, manual inspection of such candidates can be carriedout in order to narrow the number of candidates to be further evaluated.Manual inspection can be performed by selecting those candidates thatappear to have domains present in steviol biosynthesis polypeptides ortransporter protein or transcription factor that regulates expression ofat least one transporter gene, e.g., conserved functional domains.

Conserved regions can be identified by locating a region within theprimary amino acid sequence of a steviol or a steviol glycosidebiosynthesis polypeptide or a transporter gene or transcription factorthat regulates expression of at least one transporter gene that is arepeated sequence, forms some secondary structure (e.g., helices andbeta sheets), establishes positively or negatively charged domains, orrepresents a protein motif or domain. See, e.g., the Pfam web sitedescribing consensus sequences for a variety of protein motifs anddomains on the World Wide Web at sanger.ac.uk/Software/Pfam/ andpfam.janelia.org/. The information included at the Pfam database isdescribed in Sonnhammer et al. Nucl. Acids Res. 26: 320-322 (1998);Sonnhammer et al. Proteins 28: 405-420 (1997); and Bateman et al. Nucl.Acids Res. 27: 260-262 (1999). Conserved regions also can be determinedby aligning sequences of the same or related polypeptides from closelyrelated species. Closely related species preferably are from the samefamily. In some embodiments, alignment of sequences from two differentspecies is adequate.

Typically, polypeptides that exhibit at least about 40% amino acidsequence identity are useful to identify conserved regions. Conservedregions of related polypeptides exhibit at least 45% amino acid sequenceidentity (e.g., at least 50%, at least 60%, at least 70%, at least 80%,or at least 90% amino acid sequence identity). In some embodiments, aconserved region exhibits at least 92%, 94%, 96%, 98%, or 99% amino acidsequence identity.

For example, polypeptides suitable for producing steviol glycosides in arecombinant host include functional homologs of EUGT11, UGT91D2e,UGT91D2m, UGT85C, and UGT76G. Such homologs have greater than 90% (e.g.,at least 95% or 99%) sequence identity to the amino acid sequence ofEUGT11, UGT91D2e, UGT91D2m, UGT85C, or UGT76G as set forth in PCTApplication No. PCT/US2012/050021. Variants of EUGT11, UGT91D2, UGT85C,and UGT76G polypeptides typically have 10 or fewer amino acidsubstitutions within the primary amino acid sequence, e.g., 7 or feweramino acid substitutions, 5 or conservative amino acid substitutions, orbetween 1 and 5 substitutions. However, in some embodiments, variants ofEUGT11, UGT91D2, UGT85C, and UGT76G polypeptides can have 10 or moreamino acid substitutions (e.g., 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 10-20, 10-35,20-30, or 25-35 amino acid substitutions). The substitutions may beconservative, or in some embodiments, non-conservative. Non-limitingexamples of non-conservative changes in UGT91D2e polypeptides includeglycine to arginine and tryptophan to arginine. Non-limiting examples ofnon-conservative substitutions in UGT76G polypeptides include valine toglutamic acid, glycine to glutamic acid, glutamine to alanine, andserine to proline. Non-limiting examples of changes to UGT85Cpolypeptides include histidine to aspartic acid, proline to serine,lysine to threonine, and threonine to arginine.

In some embodiments, a useful UGT91D2 homolog can have amino acidsubstitutions (e.g., conservative amino acid substitutions) in regionsof the polypeptide that are outside of predicted loops, e.g., residues20-26, 39-43, 88-95, 121-124, 142-158, 185-198, and 203-214 arepredicted loops in the N-terminal domain and residues 381-386 arepredicted loops in the C-terminal domain of UGT91D2e (see SEQ ID NO:54). For example, a useful UGT91D2 homolog can include at least oneamino acid substitution at residues 1-19, 27-38, 44-87, 96-120, 125-141,159-184, 199-202, 215-380, or 387-473. In some embodiments, a UGT91D2homolog can have an amino acid substitution at one or more residuesselected from the group consisting of residues 30, 93, 99, 122, 140,142, 148, 153, 156, 195, 196, 199, 206, 207, 211, 221, 286, 343, 427,and 438. For example, a UGT91D2 functional homolog can have an aminoacid substitution at one or more of residues 206, 207, and 343, such asan arginine at residue 206, a cysteine at residue 207, and an arginineat residue 343. See, for example SEQ ID NO: 86. Other functionalhomologs of UGT91D2 can have one or more of the following: a tyrosine orphenylalanine at residue 30, a proline or glutamine at residue 93, aserine or valine at residue 99, a tyrosine or a phenylalanine at residue122, a histidine or tyrosine at residue 140, a serine or cysteine atresidue 142, an alanine or threonine at residue 148, a methionine atresidue 152, an alanine at residue 153, an alanine or serine at residue156, a glycine at residue 162, a leucine or methionine at residue 195, aglutamic acid at residue 196, a lysine or glutamic acid at residue 199,a leucine or methionine at residue 211, a leucine at residue 213, aserine or phenylalanine at residue 221, a valine or isoleucine atresidue 253, a valine or alanine at residue 286, a lysine or asparagineat residue 427, an alanine at residue 438, and either an alanine orthreonine at residue 462. In another embodiment, a UGT91D2 functionalhomolog contains a methionine at residue 211 and an alanine at residue286.

In some embodiments, a useful UGT85C homolog can have one or more aminoacid substitutions at residues 9, 10, 13, 15, 21, 27, 60, 65, 71, 87,91, 220, 243, 270, 289, 298, 334, 336, 350, 368, 389, 394, 397, 418,420, 440, 441, 444, and 471. Non-limiting examples of useful UGT85Chomologs include polypeptides having substitutions (with respect to SEQID NO: 30) at residue 65 (e.g., a serine at residue 65), at residue 65in combination with residue 15 (a leucine at residue 15), 270 (e.g., amethionine, arginine, or alanine at residue 270), 418 (e.g., a valine atresidue 418), 440 (e.g., an aspartic acid at residue at residue 440), or441 (e.g., an asparagine at residue 441); residues 13 (e.g., aphenylalanine at residue 13), 15, 60 (e.g., an aspartic acid at residue60), 270, 289 (e.g., a histidine at residue 289), and 418; substitutionsat residues 13, 60, and 270; substitutions at residues 60 and 87 (e.g.,a phenylalanine at residue 87); substitutions at residues 65, 71 (e.g.,a glutamine at residue 71), 220 (e.g., a threonine at residue 220), 243(e.g., a tryptophan at residue 243), and 270; substitutions at residues65, 71, 220, 243, 270, and 441; substitutions at residues 65, 71, 220,389 (e.g., a valine at residue 389), and 394 (e.g., a valine at residue394); substitutions at residues 65, 71, 270, and 289; substitutions atresidues 220, 243, 270, and 334 (e.g., a serine at residue 334); orsubstitutions at residues 270 and 289. The following amino acidmutations did not result in a loss of activity in 85C2 polypeptides:V13F, F15L, H60D, A65S, E71Q, I87F, K220T, R243W, T270M, T270R, Q289H,L334S, A389V, I394V, P397S, E418V, G440D, and H441N. Additionalmutations that were seen in active clones include K9E, K10R, Q21H, M27V,L91P, Y298C, K350T, H368R, G420R, L431P, R444G, and M471T. In someembodiments, an UGT85C2 contains substitutions at positions 65 (e.g., aserine), 71 (a glutamine), 270 (a methionine), 289 (a histidine), and389 (a valine).

The amino acid sequence of Stevia rebaudiana UGTs 74G1,76G1 and 91D2ewith N-terminal, in-frame fusions of the first 158 amino acids of humanMDM2 protein, and Stevia rebaudiana UGT85C2 with an N-terminal in-framefusion of 4 repeats of the synthetic PMI peptide (4 X TSFAEYWNLLSP, SEQID NO:87) as set forth in SEQ ID NOs: 88, 89, 90, and 91.

In some embodiments, a useful UGT76G homolog can have one or more aminoacid substitutions at residues 29, 74, 87, 91, 116, 123, 125, 126, 130,145, 192, 193, 194, 196, 198, 199, 200, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208,266, 273, 274, 284, 285, 291, 330, 331, and 346 of SEQ ID NO: 85.

Non-limiting examples of useful UGT76G homologs include polypeptideshaving substitutions at residues 74, 87, 91, 116, 123, 125, 126, 130,145, 192, 193, 194, 196, 198, 199, 200, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208,and 291; residues 74, 87, 91, 116, 123, 125, 126, 130, 145, 192, 193,194, 196, 198, 199, 200, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 266, 273, 274,284, 285, and 291; or residues 74, 87, 91, 116, 123, 125, 126, 130, 145,192, 193, 194, 196, 198, 199, 200, 203, 204, 205, 206, 207, 208, 266,273, 274, 284, 285, 291, 330, 331, and 346. See, Table 10.

TABLE 10 Clone Mutations 76G_G7 M29I, V74E, V87G, L91P, G116E, A123T,Q125A, I126L, T130A, V145M, C192S, S193A, F194Y, M196N, K198Q, K199I,Y200L, Y203I, F204L, E205G, N206K, I207M, T208I, P266Q, S273P, R274S,G284T, T285S, 287-3 by deletion, L330V, G331A, L346I 76G_H12 M29I, V74E,V87G, L91P, G116E, A123T, Q125A, I126L, T130A, V145M, C192S, S193A,F194Y, M196N, K198Q, K199I, Y200L, Y203I, F204L, E205G, N206K, I207M,T208I, P266Q, S273P, R274S, G284T, T285S, 287-3 by deletion 76G_C4 M29I,V74E, V87G, L91P, G116E, A123T, Q125A, I126L, T130A, V145M, C192S,S193A, F194Y, M196N, K198Q, K199I, Y200L, Y203I, F204L, E205G, N206K,I207M, T208I

Methods to modify the substrate specificity of, for example, EUGT11 orUGT91D2e, are known to those skilled in the art, and include withoutlimitation site-directed/rational mutagenesis approaches, randomdirected evolution approaches and combinations in which randommutagenesis/saturation techniques are performed near the active site ofthe enzyme. For example see Osmani et al. Phytochemistry 70: 325-347(2009).

A candidate sequence typically has a length that is from 80 percent to200 percent of the length of the reference sequence, e.g., 82, 85, 87,89, 90, 93, 95, 97, 99, 100, 105, 110, 115, 120, 130, 140, 150, 160,170, 180, 190, or 200 percent of the length of the reference sequence. Afunctional homolog polypeptide typically has a length that is from 95percent to 105 percent of the length of the reference sequence, e.g.,90, 93, 95, 97, 99, 100, 105, 110, 115, or 120 percent of the length ofthe reference sequence, or any range between. A percent identity for anycandidate nucleic acid or polypeptide relative to a reference nucleicacid or polypeptide can be determined as follows. A reference sequence(e.g., a nucleic acid sequence or an amino acid sequence) is aligned toone or more candidate sequences using the computer program ClustalW(version 1.83, default parameters), which allows alignments of nucleicacid or polypeptide sequences to be carried out across their entirelength (global alignment). Chenna et al., Nucleic Acids Res.,31(13):3497-500 (2003).

ClustalW calculates the best match between a reference and one or morecandidate sequences, and aligns them so that identities, similaritiesand differences can be determined. Gaps of one or more residues can beinserted into a reference sequence, a candidate sequence, or both, tomaximize sequence alignments. For fast pairwise alignment of nucleicacid sequences, the following default parameters are used: word size: 2;window size: 4; scoring method: percentage; number of top diagonals: 4;and gap penalty: 5. For multiple alignment of nucleic acid sequences,the following parameters are used: gap opening penalty: 10.0; gapextension penalty: 5.0; and weight transitions: yes. For fast pairwisealignment of protein sequences, the following parameters are used: wordsize: 1; window size: 5; scoring method: percentage; number of topdiagonals: 5; gap penalty: 3. For multiple alignment of proteinsequences, the following parameters are used: weight matrix: blosum; gapopening penalty: 10.0; gap extension penalty: 0.05; hydrophilic gaps:on; hydrophilic residues: Gly, Pro, Ser, Asn, Asp, Gln, Glu, Arg, andLys; residue-specific gap penalties: on. The ClustalW output is asequence alignment that reflects the relationship between sequences.ClustalW can be run, for example, at the Baylor College of MedicineSearch Launcher site on the World Wide Web(searchlauncher.bcm.tmc.edu/multi-align/multi-align.html) and at theEuropean Bioinformatics Institute site on the World Wide Web(ebi.ac.uk/clustalw).

To determine percent identity of a candidate nucleic acid or amino acidsequence to a reference sequence, the sequences are aligned usingClustalW, the number of identical matches in the alignment is divided bythe length of the reference sequence, and the result is multiplied by100. It is noted that the percent identity value can be rounded to thenearest tenth. For example, 78.11, 78.12, 78.13, and 78.14 are roundeddown to 78.1, while 78.15, 78.16, 78.17, 78.18, and 78.19 are rounded upto 78.2.

It will be appreciated that functional UGTs can include additional aminoacids that are not involved in glucosylation or other enzymaticactivities carried out by the enzyme, and thus such a polypeptide can belonger than would otherwise be the case. For example, a EUGT11polypeptide can include a purification tag (e.g., HIS tag or GST tag), achloroplast transit peptide, a mitochondrial transit peptide, anamyloplast peptide, signal peptide, or a excretion tag added to theamino or carboxy terminus. In some embodiments, a EUGT11 polypeptideincludes an amino acid sequence that functions as a reporter, e.g., agreen fluorescent protein or yellow fluorescent protein.

II. Steviol and Steviol Glycoside Biosynthesis Nucleic Acids

A recombinant gene encoding a polypeptide described herein comprises thecoding sequence for that polypeptide, operably linked in senseorientation to one or more regulatory regions suitable for expressingthe polypeptide. Because many microorganisms are capable of expressingmultiple gene products from a polycistronic mRNA, multiple polypeptidescan be expressed under the control of a single regulatory region forthose microorganisms, if desired. A coding sequence and a regulatoryregion are considered to be operably linked when the regulatory regionand coding sequence are positioned so that the regulatory region iseffective for regulating transcription or translation of the sequence.Typically, the translation initiation site of the translational readingframe of the coding sequence is positioned between one and about fiftynucleotides downstream of the regulatory region for a monocistronicgene.

In many cases, the coding sequence for a polypeptide described herein isidentified in a species other than the recombinant host, i.e., is aheterologous nucleic acid. Thus, if the recombinant host is amicroorganism, the coding sequence can be from other prokaryotic oreukaryotic microorganisms, from plants or from animals. In some case,however, the coding sequence is a sequence that is native to the hostand is being reintroduced into that organism. A native sequence canoften be distinguished from the naturally occurring sequence by thepresence of non-natural sequences linked to the exogenous nucleic acid,e.g., non-native regulatory sequences flanking a native sequence in arecombinant nucleic acid construct. In addition, stably transformedexogenous nucleic acids typically are integrated at positions other thanthe position where the native sequence is found. “Regulatory region”refers to a nucleic acid having nucleotide sequences that influencetranscription or translation initiation and rate, and stability and/ormobility of a transcription or translation product. Regulatory regionsinclude, without limitation, promoter sequences, enhancer sequences,response elements, protein recognition sites, inducible elements,protein binding sequences, 5′ and 3′ untranslated regions (UTRs),transcriptional start sites, termination sequences, polyadenylationsequences, introns, and combinations thereof. A regulatory regiontypically comprises at least a core (basal) promoter. A regulatoryregion also may include at least one control element, such as anenhancer sequence, an upstream element or an upstream activation region(UAR). A regulatory region is operably linked to a coding sequence bypositioning the regulatory region and the coding sequence so that theregulatory region is effective for regulating transcription ortranslation of the sequence. For example, to operably link a codingsequence and a promoter sequence, the translation initiation site of thetranslational reading frame of the coding sequence is typicallypositioned between one and about fifty nucleotides downstream of thepromoter. A regulatory region can, however, be positioned as much asabout 5,000 nucleotides upstream of the translation initiation site, orabout 2,000 nucleotides upstream of the transcription start site.

The choice of regulatory regions to be included depends upon severalfactors, including, but not limited to, efficiency, selectability,inducibility, desired expression level, and preferential expressionduring certain culture stages. It is a routine matter for one of skillin the art to modulate the expression of a coding sequence byappropriately selecting and positioning regulatory regions relative tothe coding sequence. It will be understood that more than one regulatoryregion may be present, e.g., introns, enhancers, upstream activationregions, transcription terminators, and inducible elements.

One or more genes can be combined in a recombinant nucleic acidconstruct in “modules” useful for a discrete aspect of steviol and/orsteviol glycoside production. Combining a plurality of genes in amodule, particularly a polycistronic module, facilitates the use of themodule in a variety of species. For example, a steviol biosynthesis genecluster, or a UGT gene cluster, can be combined in a polycistronicmodule such that, after insertion of a suitable regulatory region, themodule can be introduced into a wide variety of species. As anotherexample, a UGT gene cluster can be combined such that each UGT codingsequence is operably linked to a separate regulatory region, to form aUGT module. Such a module can be used in those species for whichmonocistronic expression is necessary or desirable. In addition to genesuseful for steviol or steviol glycoside production, a recombinantconstruct typically also contains an origin of replication, and one ormore selectable markers for maintenance of the construct in appropriatespecies.

It will be appreciated that because of the degeneracy of the geneticcode, a number of nucleic acids can encode a particular polypeptide;i.e., for many amino acids, there is more than one nucleotide tripletthat serves as the codon for the amino acid. Thus, codons in the codingsequence for a given polypeptide can be modified such that optimalexpression in a particular host is obtained, using appropriate codonbias tables for that host (e.g., microorganism). As isolated nucleicacids, these modified sequences can exist as purified molecules and canbe incorporated into a vector or a virus for use in constructing modulesfor recombinant nucleic acid constructs.

In some cases, it is desirable to inhibit one or more functions of anendogenous polypeptide in order to divert metabolic intermediatestowards steviol or steviol glycoside biosynthesis. For example, it maybe desirable to downregulate synthesis of sterols in a yeast strain inorder to further increase steviol or steviol glycoside production, e.g.,by downregulating squalene epoxidase. As another example, it may bedesirable to inhibit degradative functions of certain endogenous geneproducts, e.g., glycohydrolases that remove glucose moieties fromsecondary metabolites or phosphatases as discussed herein. As anotherexample, expression of membrane transporters involved in transport ofsteviol glycosides can be inhibited, such that excretion of glycosylatedstevio sides is inhibited. Such regulation can be beneficial in thatexcretion of steviol glycosides can be inhibited for a desired period oftime during culture of the microorganism, thereby increasing the yieldof glycoside product(s) at harvest. In such cases, a nucleic acid thatinhibits expression of the polypeptide or gene product may be includedin a recombinant construct that is transformed into the strain.Alternatively, mutagenesis can be used to generate mutants in genes forwhich it is desired to inhibit function.

III. Expressing Transporters

The present document is directed to recombinant host cells in whichexpression of endogenous transporter genes is modified or in whichheterologous transporter genes are expressed. In some embodiments,expression of an endogenous transporter can be modified by replacing theendogenous promoter with a different promoter that results in increasedexpression of the transporter protein (e.g., at least a 5% increase inexpression, such as at least a 10%, 15%, 20%, or 25% increase inexpression). For example, an endogenous promoter can be replaced with aconstitutive or inducible promoter that results in increased expressionof the transporter. Homologous recombination can be used to replace thepromoter of an endogenous gene with a different promoter that results inincreased expression of the transporter. In other embodiments theinducible or constitutive promoter and endogenous transporter ortranscription factor gene can be integrated into another locus of thegenome using homologous recombination. In other embodiments, thetransporter gene can be introduced into a microorganism using exogenousplasmids with a promoter that results in overexpression of thetransporter in the microorganism. In yet another embodiment, theexogenous plasmids may also contain multiple copies of the transportergene. In a further embodiment, the endogenous transporter can be inducedto be overexpressed using native mechanisms to the recombinantmicroorganism (e.g. heat shock, stress, heavy metal or antibioticexposure). For example, oligomycin and/or cadmium can be added to theculture media (wherein YOR1 expression can be induced by said molecules)to increase expression of YOR1 and thereby excretion of steviolglycosides. See, for example Hallstrom & Moye-Rowley (1998) JBC 273(4):2098-104; Nagy et al., (2006) Biochimie. 88(11):1665-71; and Katzmann etal., (1995) Mol Cell Biol. 15(12):6875-83.

As described herein, increasing expression of certain endogenoustransporters or expressing a heterologous transporter in a recombinanthost (e.g., expressing an S. rebaudiana transporter in a microorganismsuch as S. cerevisiae) can confer the ability to more efficientlyproduce and secrete steviol glycosides upon that host. The amount ofextracellular and/or intracellular steviol glycoside produced duringculturing the host can be measured by liquid chromatography-massspectrometry (LC-MS) as described herein.

A transporter (also referred to as a membrane transport protein) is amembrane protein involved in the movement of molecules and ions across abiological membrane. Transporters span the membrane in which they arelocalized and across which they transport substances. Transporters canoperate to move substances by facilitated diffusion or by activetransport. Transport proteins have been classified according to variouscriteria at the Transporter Classification Database. See, Saier Jr. etal., Nucl. Acids Res., 37:D274-278 (2009). Two families of plasmamembrane transporters are thought to be ubiquitous among livingorganisms: the ATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporters and the MajorFacilitator Superfamily (MFS) transporters. ATP-binding cassettetransporters (ABC transporters) are transmembrane proteins that utilizethe energy of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis to carry outtranslocation of various substrates across membranes. They can transporta wide variety of substrates across extra- and intracellular membranes,including metabolic products, lipids and sterols, and drugs. Proteinsare classified as ABC transporters based on the sequence andorganization of their ATP-binding cassette domain. Typically, ABC familytransporters are multicomponent primary active transporters, capable oftransporting molecules in response to ATP hydrolysis. Non-limitingexamples of endogenous ABC transporter genes include the genes at thePDR5, PDR10, PDR15, SNQ2, YOR1, YOL075c and PDR18 (or a functionalhomolog thereof).

The Major Facilitator Superfamily (MFS) transporters are polypeptidesthat can transport small solutes in response to chemiosmotic iongradients. Saier, Jr. et al., J. Mol. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 1:257-279(1999). The MFS transporter family is sometimes referred to as theuniporter-symporter-antiporter family. MFS transporters function in,inter alia, in sugar uptake and drug efflux systems. MFS transporterstypically contain conserved MFS-specific motifs. Non-limiting examplesof endogenous MFS transporter genes include the genes at the TPO1, TPO3,and FLR1 loci (or a functional homolog thereof).

Other transporter families include the SMR (small multidrug resistant)family, RND (Resistance-Nodulation-Cell Division) family, and the MATE(multidrug and toxic compound extrusion) family. The SMR family membersare integral membrane proteins characterized by four alpha-helicaltransmembrane strands that confer resistance to a broad range ofantiseptics, lipophilic quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC), andaminoglycoside resistance in bacteria. See, Bay and Turner, BMC EvolBiol., 9: 140 (2009). For example, EmrE efflux transporter ofEscherichia coli (GenBank: BAE76318.1; SEQ ID NO: 92) is involved withaminoglycoside resistance. It is a homooligomer that extrudes positivelycharged aromatic drugs (i.e., methyl viologen or ethidium) in exchangefor two protons.

The RND family members are widespread, including among Gram-negativebacteria, and catalyze the active efflux of many antibiotics andchemotherapeutic agents. See, Nikaido and Takatsuk, Biochim BiophysActa., 1794(5):769-81 (2009). An exemplary protein is AcrAB fromEscherichia coli that is involved in erythromycin D transport (GenBank:BAE76241.1; SEQ ID NO: 93, and AAA23410.1; SEQ ID NO: 94).

The MATE family members contain 12 transmembrane (TM) domains. Membersof the MATE family have been identified in prokaryotes, yeast such asSaccharomyces cerevisiae and Schizosaccharomyces pombe, and plants.Diener et al., Plant Cell. 13(7): 1625-1638 (2001). The MATE familymembers are sodium or proton antiporters. An exemplary target moleculeis ydhE from E. coli (GenBank AAB47941.1; SEQ ID NO: 95), whichtransports fluoroquinolones, kanamycin, streptomycin, otheraminoglycosides and Berberine.

A. Transcription Factors

Modification of transcription factor expression can also be used toincrease transporter expression. For example, the yeast transcriptionsfactors PDR1 and/or PDR3 regulate expression of the genes encoding ABCtransporters PDR5, SNQ2 and YOR1. Therefore, in some embodiments,promoters for the endogenous PDR1 and PDR3 loci can be replaced with adifferent promoter that results in increased expression of thetranscription factors, which can increase production of endogenoustransporters. In other embodiments, the transcription factors can beintroduced into a microorganism using exogenous plasmids with a promoterthat results in overexpression of the transcription factor in themicroorganims. In yet another embodiment, the exogenous plasmids mayalso contain multiple copies of the transcription factor. In a furtherembodiment, the endogenous transcription factor can be activated orinduced to be overexpressed using native mechanisms to the recombinantmicroorganism (e.g. heat shock, stress, heavy metal or antibioticexposure).

B. Identifying Genes Affecting Excretion of Steviol PathwayIntermediates

Methods for identifying a gene affecting excretion of steviol pathwayintermediates are disclosed herein. Such methods can involveinactivating at least one endogenous transporter gene or modifyingexpression of at least one transporter gene. Typically, a library ofmutant microorganisms is prepared, each mutant in the library having adifferent endogenous transporter gene inactivated. In some embodiments,expression of a different endogenous transporter gene is modified ineach microorganism in the library. The parent microorganism in which themodifications are generated can lack steviol glycoside pathway genes,although it can contain one or more of such genes if desired. Generally,it is more convenient to generate modifications in the absence ofsteviol glycoside pathway genes, and subsequently introduce thosepathway genes that facilitate production of a desired different targetglycoside product. The mutant microorganisms containing one or moresteviol glycoside pathway genes are cultured in a medium underconditions in which steviol or a steviol glycoside is synthesized, andthe amount of extracellular and/or intracellular steviol glycosidepathway intermediates produced by the microorganism is measured (e.g.,using LC-MS) as described herein.

The intermediate(s) that is characterized depends upon the particularpathway of interest in the microorganism. For example, a microorganismexpressing the 76G1, 74G1, 91D2e, and 85C2 UGTs (described below) cansynthesize the target product rebaudioside A from steviol, viaintermediate compounds steviol-19-O-glucoside (19-SMG), rubusoside andstevioside. See FIG. 1. Thus, if rebaudioside A is the target product,the amount of 19-SMG excreted by the microorganism into the culturesupernatant and the amount of 19-SMG retained inside the microorganismcan be measured. The amount of an individual intermediate or the amountsof each intermediate produced during culture of the microorganism can bemeasured. If the amount of extracellular pathway intermediate(s)produced by the mutant microorganism is greater than the amount producedby the corresponding microorganism that is wild-type for the transportergene, the endogenous transporter gene is identified as affectingexcretion of steviol pathway intermediates. A similar method can be usedto determine if a transporter affects excretion of other intermediates.

IV. Inactivating Endogenous Transporters

The present document can be directed to recombinant hosts comprising oneor more inactivated endogenous transporter genes. An endogenoustransporter gene typically is inactivated by disrupting expression ofthe gene or introducing a mutation to reduce or even completelyeliminate transporter activity in a host comprising the mutation, e.g.,a disruption in one or more endogenous transporter genes, such that thehost has reduced transporter expression or activity for the transporterencoded by the disrupted gene.

In some embodiments, a transporter that is knocked out can also havespecificity for excretion of larger molecular weight rebaudiosides (forexample, RebA), and therefore, can be useful to overexpress in strainswhere excretion of RebA into the medium is desired. With appropriatebalancing of the rate of glycosylation activity through expression ofpathway UGTs, smaller molecular weight steviol glycosides are furtherglycosylated before they are excreted into the medium. For example,higher expression levels of a UGT76G1 and UGT91D2e and/or EUGT11 ascompared to the UGT74G1 and UGT85C2 enzymes can prevent accumulation ofthe steviol monoglucosides that are excreted more readily. If the UGTactivity level is higher (so the glycosylation rate is faster) than therate of transport, then more larger molecular weight steviol glycosideswill be produced.

Since many transporters have overlapping substrate specificity and sincedisruptions in certain transporters are compensated for by up-regulationof other transporters, it is often useful to generate a host thatcontains a plurality of inactivated transporter genes. For example, asdescribed herein, the PDR5, PDR10, PDR15 and SNQ2 loci can be disruptedas set forth in the Examples below. In some embodiments, the TPO1, PDR5,PDR10, PDR15 and SNQ2 loci can be disrupted as set forth in the Examplesbelow.

Additional transporter genes that can be inactivated can be identifiedbased on the function of related sequences, e.g., the sequences found atthe yeast PDR5, PDR10, PDR15 and SNQ2 loci. Endogenous transporter genescan be inactivated by mutations that disrupt the gene. For example, agene replacement vector can be constructed in such a way to include aselectable marker gene flanked at both the 5′ and 3′ ends by portions ofthe transporter gene of sufficient length to mediate homologousrecombination. The selectable marker can be one of any number of genesthat complement host cell auxotrophy, provide antibiotic resistance, orresult in a color change. Linearized DNA fragments of the genereplacement vector, containing no plasmid DNA or ars element, are thenintroduced into cells using known methods. Integration of the linearfragment into the genome and the disruption of the transporter gene canbe determined based on the selection marker and can be verified by, forexample, Southern blot analysis. The resulting cells contain aninactivated mutant transporter gene, due to insertion of the selectablemarker at the locus for the transporter. A deletion-disruption genereplacement vector can be constructed in a similar way using knowntechniques and, by way of homologous recombination, integrated in theendogenous transporter gene, thereby inactivating it. In someembodiments, the selectable marker can be removed from the genome of thehost cell after determining that the desired disruption mutation hasbeen introduced. See, e.g., Gossen et al. (2002) Ann. Rev. Genetics36:153-173 and U.S. Application Publication No. 20060014264.

Endogenous transporter genes can also be inactivated by utilizingtranscription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs) or modifiedzinc finger nucleases to introduce desired insertion or deletionmutations. See, US Patent Publication No. 2012-0178169. In someembodiments, an endogenous transporter gene is inactivated byintroducing a mutation that results in insertions of nucleotides,deletions of nucleotides, or transition or transversion point mutationsin the wild-type transporter gene sequence. Other types of mutationsthat may be introduced in a transporter gene include duplications andinversions in the wild-type sequence. Mutations can be made in thecoding sequence at a transporter locus, as well as in noncodingsequences such as regulatory regions, introns, and other untranslatedsequences. Mutations in the coding sequence can result in insertions ofone or more amino acids, deletions of one or more amino acids, and/ornon-conservative amino acid substitutions in the corresponding geneproduct. In some cases, the sequence of a transporter gene comprisesmore than one mutation or more than one type of mutation. Insertion ordeletion of amino acids in a coding sequence can, for example, disruptthe conformation of a substrate binding pocket of the resulting geneproduct.

Amino acid insertions or deletions can also disrupt catalytic sitesimportant for gene product activity. It is known in the art that theinsertion or deletion of a larger number of contiguous amino acids ismore likely to render the gene product non-functional, compared to asmaller number of inserted or deleted amino acids. Non-conservativesubstitutions can make a substantial change in the charge orhydrophobicity of the gene product. Non-conservative amino acidsubstitutions can also make a substantial change in the bulk of theresidue side chain, e.g., substituting an alanine residue for aisoleucine residue. Examples of non-conservative substitutions include abasic amino acid for a non-polar amino acid, or a polar amino acid foran acidic amino acid.

In some embodiments, a mutation in a transporter gene may result in noamino acid changes but, although not affecting the amino acid sequenceof the encoded transporter, may alter transcriptional levels (e.g.,increasing or decreasing transcription), decrease translational levels,alter secondary structure of DNA or mRNA, alter binding sites fortranscriptional or translational machinery, or decrease tRNA bindingefficiency.

Mutations in transporter loci can be generated by site-directedmutagenesis of the transporter gene sequence in vitro, followed byhomologous recombination to introduce the mutation into the host genomeas described above. However, mutations can also be generated by inducingmutagenesis in cells of the host, using a mutagenic agent to inducegenetic mutations within a population of cells. Mutagenesis isparticularly useful for those species or strains for which in vitromutagenesis and homologous recombination is less well established or isinconvenient. The dosage of the mutagenic chemical or radiation for aparticular species or strain is determined experimentally such that amutation frequency is obtained that is below a threshold levelcharacterized by lethality or reproductive sterility.

A. Transcription Factors

Modification of transcription factor expression can also be used toreduce or eliminate transporter expression. For example, the yeasttranscriptions factors PDR1 and/or PDR3 regulate expression of the genesencoding ABC transporters PDR5, SNQ2 and YOR1. Disrupting the loci orreducing expression of PDR1 and/or PDR3 can result in a detectabledecrease in excretion of steviol glycoside intermediates. Therefore, insome embodiments, a yeast host contains inactivated endogenous PDR1 andPDR3 loci in combination with a plurality of inactivated transportergenes, to provide a larger reduction in excretion of intermediates thanthat provided by inactivation of any single transporter or transcriptionfactor. In another embodiment, a transcription factor identified todecrease steviol glycoside excretion by disrupting or reducing thetranscription factor's expression, can then be overexpressed in arecombinant microorganism in order to increase excretion of steviolglycosides.

B. Identifying Genes Affecting Excretion of Steviol PathwayIntermediates

Methods for identifying a gene affecting excretion of steviol pathwayintermediates are disclosed herein. Such methods involve inactivating,disrupting or decreasing expression of at least one endogenoustransporter gene. Typically, a library of mutant microorganisms isprepared, each mutant in the library having a different endogenoustransporter gene inactivated, disrupted or with decreased expression.The parent microorganism in which the mutations are generated can lacksteviol glycoside pathway genes, although it can contain one or more ofsuch genes. Generally, it is more convenient to generate mutations inthe absence of steviol glycoside pathway genes, and subsequentlyintroduce those pathway genes that facilitate production of a desireddifferent target glycoside product. The mutant microorganisms containingone or more steviol glycoside pathway genes can be cultured in a mediumunder conditions in which steviol or a steviol glycoside is synthesized,and the amount of extracellular and/or intracellular steviol glycosidepathway intermediates produced by the microorganism can be measured.

The intermediate(s) that is characterized depends upon the particularpathway of interest in the microorganism. For example, a microorganismexpressing the 76G1, 74G1, 91D2e, and 85C2 UGTs (described below) cansynthesize the target product rebaudioside A from steviol, viaintermediate compounds steviol-19-O-glucoside (19-SMG),steviol-13-O-glucose (13-SMG), rubusoside and stevioside. See FIG. 1.Thus, if rebaudioside A is the target product, the amount of 19-SMGexcreted by the microorganism into the culture supernatant and theamount of 19-SMG retained inside the microorganism can be measured(e.g., using liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS)). Theamount of an individual intermediate or the amounts of each intermediateproduced during culture of the microorganism can be measured. If theamount of extracellular pathway intermediate(s) produced by the mutantmicroorganism is greater than the amount produced by the correspondingmicroorganism that is wild-type for the transporter gene, the endogenoustransporter gene is identified as affecting excretion of steviol pathwayintermediates. A similar method can be used to determine if atransporter affects excretion of other intermediates.

V. Hosts

A number of prokaryotes and eukaryotes are suitable for use inconstructing the recombinant microorganisms described herein, e.g.,gram-negative bacteria, yeast and fungi. A species and strain selectedfor use as a steviol or steviol glycoside production strain is firstanalyzed to determine which production genes are endogenous to thestrain and which genes are not present. Genes for which an endogenouscounterpart is not present in the strain are assembled in one or morerecombinant constructs, which are then transformed into the strain inorder to supply the missing function(s).

Exemplary prokaryotic and eukaryotic species are described in moredetail below. However, it will be appreciated that other species may besuitable. For example, suitable species may be in Saccharomycetes.Additional suitable species may be in a genus selected from the groupconsisting of Agaricus, Aspergillus, Bacillus, Candida, Corynebacterium,Escherichia, Fusarium/Gibberella, Kluyveromyces, Laetiporus, Lentinus,Phaffia, Phanerochaete, Pichia, Physcomitrella, Rhodoturula,Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Sphaceloma, Xanthophyllomyces andYarrowia.

Exemplary species from such genera include Lentinus tigrinus, Laetiporussulphureus, Phanerochaete chrysosporium, Pichia pastoris, Physcomitrellapatens, Rhodoturula glutinis 32, Rhodoturula mucilaginosa, Phaffiarhodozyma UBV-AX, Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, Fusariumfujikuroi/Gibberella fujikuroi, Candida utilis and Yarrowia lipolytica.In some embodiments, a microorganism can be an Ascomycete such asGibberella fujikuroi, Kluyveromyces lactis, Schizosaccharomyces pombe,Aspergillus niger, or Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In some embodiments, amicroorganism can be a prokaryote such as Escherichia coli, Rhodobactersphaeroides, or Rhodobacter capsulatus. It will be appreciated thatcertain microorganisms can be used to screen and test genes of interestin a high throughput manner, while other microorganisms with desiredproductivity or growth characteristics can be used for large-scaleproduction of steviol glycosides.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Related Yeast Species

Saccharomyces cerevisiae is a widely used chassis organism in syntheticbiology, and can be used as the recombinant microorganism platform.There are libraries of mutants, plasmids, detailed computer models ofmetabolism and other information available for S. cerevisiae, allowingfor rational design of various modules to enhance product yield. Methodsare known for making recombinant microorganisms. A steviol biosynthesisgene cluster can be expressed in yeast, particularly Saccharomycetes,using any of a number of known promoters. Strains that overproduceterpenes are known and can be used to increase the amount ofgeranylgeranyl diphosphate available for steviol and steviol glycosideproduction. Saccharomyces cerevisiae is an exemplary Saccharomycesspecies.

Aspergillus spp.

Aspergillus species such as A. oryzae, A. niger and A. sojae are widelyused microorganisms in food production, and can also be used as therecombinant microorganism platform. Nucleotide sequences are availablefor genomes of A. nidulans, A. fumigatus, A. oryzae, A. clavatus, A.flavus, A. niger, and A. terreus, allowing rational design andmodification of endogenous pathways to enhance flux and increase productyield. Metabolic models have been developed for Aspergillus, as well astranscriptomic studies and proteomics studies. A. niger is cultured forthe industrial production of a number of food ingredients such as citricacid and gluconic acid, and thus species such as A. niger are generallysuitable for the production of food ingredients such as steviol andsteviol glycosides.

Escherichia coli

Escherichia coli, another widely used platform organism in syntheticbiology, can also be used as the recombinant microorganism platform.Similar to Saccharomyces, there are libraries of mutants, plasmids,detailed computer models of metabolism and other information availablefor E. coli, allowing for rational design of various modules to enhanceproduct yield. Methods similar to those described above forSaccharomyces can be used to make recombinant E. coli microorganisms.

Agaricus, Gibberella, and Phanerochaete spp.

Agaricus, Gibberella, and Phanerochaete spp. can be useful because theyare known to produce large amounts of gibberellin in culture. Thus, theterpene precursors for producing large amounts of steviol and steviolglycosides are already produced by endogenous genes. Thus, modulescontaining recombinant genes for steviol or steviol glycosidebiosynthesis polypeptides can be introduced into species from suchgenera without the necessity of introducing mevalonate or MEP pathwaygenes.

Arxula adeninivorans (Blastobotrys adeninivorans)

Arxula adeninivorans is a dimorphic yeast (it grows as a budding yeastlike the baker's yeast up to a temperature of 42° C., above thisthreshold it grows in a filamentous form) with unusual biochemicalcharacteristics. It can grow on a wide range of substrates and canassimilate nitrate. It has successfully been applied to the generationof strains that can produce natural plastics or the development of abiosensor for estrogens in environmental samples.

Yarrowia lipolytica

Yarrowia lipolytica is a dimorphic yeast (see Arxula adeninivorans) thatcan grow on a wide range of substrates. It has a high potential forindustrial applications but there are no recombinant productscommercially available yet.

Rhodobacter spp.

Rhodobacter can be use as the recombinant microorganism platform.Similar to E. coli, there are libraries of mutants available as well assuitable plasmid vectors, allowing for rational design of variousmodules to enhance product yield. Isoprenoid pathways have beenengineered in membraneous bacterial species of Rhodobacter for increasedproduction of carotenoid and CoQ10. See, U.S. Patent Publication Nos.20050003474 and 20040078846. Methods similar to those described abovefor E. coli can be used to make recombinant Rhodobacter microorganisms.

Candida boidinii

Candida boidinii is a methylotrophic yeast (it can grow on methanol).Like other methylotrophic species such as Hansenula polymorphs andPichia pastoris, it provides an excellent platform for the production ofheterologous proteins. Yields in a multigram range of a excreted foreignprotein have been reported. A computational method, IPRO, recentlypredicted mutations that experimentally switched the cofactorspecificity of Candida boidinii xylose reductase from NADPH to NADH.

Hansenula polymorpha (Pichia angusta)

Hansenula polymorpha is another methylotrophic yeast (see Candidaboidinii). It can furthermore grow on a wide range of other substrates;it is thermo-tolerant and can assimilate nitrate (see also Kluyveromyceslactis). It has been applied to the production of hepatitis B vaccines,insulin and interferon alpha-2a for the treatment of hepatitis C,furthermore to a range of technical enzymes.

Kluyveromyces lactis

Kluyveromyces lactis is a yeast regularly applied to the production ofkefir. It can grow on several sugars, most importantly on lactose whichis present in milk and whey. It has successfully been applied amongothers to the production of chymosin (an enzyme that is usually presentin the stomach of calves) for the production of cheese. Production takesplace in fermenters on a 40,000 L scale.

Pichia pastoris

Pichia pastoris is a methylotrophic yeast (see Candida boidinii andHansenula polymorpha). It provides an efficient platform for theproduction of foreign proteins. Platform elements are available as a kitand it is worldwide used in academia for the production of proteins.Strains have been engineered that can produce complex human N— glycan(yeast glycans are similar but not identical to those found in humans).

Physcomitrella spp.

Physcomitrella mosses, when grown in suspension culture, havecharacteristics similar to yeast or other fungal cultures. This generais becoming an important type of cell for production of plant secondarymetabolites, which can be difficult to produce in some other types ofcells.

VI. Methods of Producing Steviol Glycosides

Recombinant microorganisms described herein can be used in methods toproduce steviol or steviol glycosides. For example, the method caninclude growing the recombinant microorganism in a culture medium underconditions in which steviol and/or steviol glycoside biosynthesis genesare expressed. The recombinant microorganism may be grown in a fed batchor continuous process. Typically, the recombinant microorganism is grownin a fermentor at a defined temperature(s) for a desired period of time.Depending on the particular microorganism used in the method, otherrecombinant genes such as isopentenyl biosynthesis genes and terpenesynthase and cyclase genes may also be present and expressed. Levels ofsubstrates and intermediates, e.g., isopentenyl diphosphate,dimethylallyl diphosphate, geranylgeranyl diphosphate, kaurene andkaurenoic acid, can be determined by extracting samples from culturemedia for analysis according to published methods.

After the recombinant microorganism has been grown in culture for thedesired period of time, steviol and/or one or more steviol glycosidescan then be recovered from the culture using various techniques known inthe art. In some embodiments, a permeabilizing agent can be added to aidthe feedstock entering into the host and product getting out. Forexample, a crude lysate of the cultured microorganism can be centrifugedto obtain a supernatant. The resulting supernatant can then be appliedto a chromatography column, e.g., a C-18 column, and washed with waterto remove hydrophilic compounds, followed by elution of the compound(s)of interest with a solvent such as methanol. The compound(s) can then befurther purified by preparative HPLC. See also WO 2009/140394.

The amount of steviol glycoside (e.g., rebaudioside A or rebaudioside D)produced can be from about 1 mg/L to about 2000 mg/L, e.g., about 1 toabout 10 mg/L, about 3 to about 10 mg/L, about 5 to about 20 mg/L, about10 to about 50 mg/L, about 10 to about 100 mg/L, about 25 to about 500mg/L, about 100 to about 1,500 mg/L, or about 200 to about 1,000 mg/L,at least about 1,000 mg/L, at least about 1,200 mg/L, at least about atleast 1,400 mg/L, at least about 1,600 mg/L, at least about 1,800 mg/L,or at least about 2,000 mg/L. In general, longer culture times will leadto greater amounts of product. Thus, the recombinant microorganism canbe cultured for from 1 day to 7 days, from 1 day to 5 days, from 3 daysto 5 days, about 3 days, about 4 days, or about 5 days.

It will be appreciated that the various genes and modules discussedherein can be present in two or more recombinant microorganisms ratherthan a single microorganism. When a plurality of recombinantmicroorganisms is used, they can be grown in a mixed culture to producesteviol and/or steviol glycosides. For example, a first microorganismcan comprise one or more biosynthesis genes for producing steviol andnull mutations in a first group of endogenous transporters, while asecond microorganism comprises steviol glycoside biosynthesis genes andnull mutations in a second group of endogenous transporters.

Alternatively, the two or more microorganisms each can be grown in aseparate culture medium and the product of the first culture medium,e.g., steviol, can be introduced into second culture medium to beconverted into a subsequent intermediate, or into an end product such asrebaudioside A. The product produced by the second, or finalmicroorganism is then recovered. The microorganisms can have the same ora different group of mutations in endogenous transporters. It will alsobe appreciated that in some embodiments, a recombinant microorganism isgrown using nutrient sources other than a culture medium and utilizing asystem other than a fermentor.

Steviol glycosides do not necessarily have equivalent performance indifferent food systems. It is therefore desirable to have the ability todirect the synthesis to steviol glycoside compositions of choice.Recombinant hosts described herein can produce compositions that areselectively enriched for specific steviol glycosides (e.g., rebaudiosideD) and have a consistent taste profile. Thus, the recombinantmicroorganisms described herein can facilitate the production ofcompositions that are tailored to meet the sweetening profile desiredfor a given food product and that have a proportion of each steviolglycoside that is consistent from batch to batch. Microorganismsdescribed herein do not produce the undesired plant byproducts found inStevia extracts. Thus, steviol glycoside compositions produced by therecombinant microorganisms described herein are distinguishable fromcompositions derived from Stevia plants.

VII. Steviol Glycosides, Compositions, and Food Products

Steviol glycosides and compositions obtained by the methods disclosedherein can be used to make food products, dietary supplements andsweetener compositions. For example, substantially pure steviol orsteviol glycoside such as rebaudioside A or rebaudioside D can beincluded in food products such as ice cream, carbonated beverages, fruitjuices, yogurts, baked goods, chewing gums, hard and soft candies, andsauces. Substantially pure steviol or steviol glycoside can also beincluded in non-food products such as pharmaceutical products, medicinalproducts, dietary supplements and nutritional supplements. Substantiallypure steviol or steviol glycosides may also be included in animal feedproducts for both the agriculture industry and the companion animalindustry. Alternatively, a mixture of steviol and/or steviol glycosidescan be made by culturing recombinant microorganisms separately, eachproducing a specific steviol or steviol glycoside, recovering thesteviol or steviol glycoside in substantially pure form from eachmicroorganism and then combining the compounds to obtain a mixturecontaining each compound in the desired proportion. The recombinantmicroorganisms described herein permit more precise and consistentmixtures to be obtained compared to current Stevia products. In anotheralternative, a substantially pure steviol or steviol glycoside can beincorporated into a food product along with other sweeteners, e.g.saccharin, dextrose, sucrose, fructose, erythritol, aspartame,sucralose, monatin, or acesulfame potassium. The weight ratio of steviolor steviol glycoside relative to other sweeteners can be varied asdesired to achieve a satisfactory taste in the final food product. See,e.g., U.S. Patent Publication No. 2007/0128311. In some embodiments, thesteviol or steviol glycoside may be provided with a flavor (e.g.,citrus) as a flavor modulator.

Compositions produced by a recombinant microorganism described hereincan be incorporated into food products. For example, a steviol glycosidecomposition produced by a recombinant microorganism can be incorporatedinto a food product in an amount ranging from about 20 mg steviolglycoside/kg food product to about 1800 mg steviol glycoside/kg foodproduct on a dry weight basis, depending on the type of steviolglycoside and food product. For example, a steviol glycoside compositionproduced by a recombinant microorganism can be incorporated into adessert, cold confectionary (e.g., ice cream), dairy product (e.g.,yogurt), or beverage (e.g., a carbonated beverage) such that the foodproduct has a maximum of 500 mg steviol glycoside/kg food on a dryweight basis. A steviol glycoside composition produced by a recombinantmicroorganism can be incorporated into a baked good (e.g., a biscuit)such that the food product has a maximum of 300 mg steviol glycoside/kgfood on a dry weight basis. A steviol glycoside composition produced bya recombinant microorganism can be incorporated into a sauce (e.g.,chocolate syrup) or vegetable product (e.g., pickles) such that the foodproduct has a maximum of 1000 mg steviol glycoside/kg food on a dryweight basis. A steviol glycoside composition produced by a recombinantmicroorganism can be incorporated into a bread such that the foodproduct has a maximum of 160 mg steviol glycoside/kg food on a dryweight basis. A steviol glycoside composition produced by a recombinantmicroorganism, plant, or plant cell can be incorporated into a hard orsoft candy such that the food product has a maximum of 1600 mg steviolglycoside/kg food on a dry weight basis. A steviol glycoside compositionproduced by a recombinant microorganism, plant, or plant cell can beincorporated into a processed fruit product (e.g., fruit juices, fruitfilling, jams, and jellies) such that the food product has a maximum of1000 mg steviol glycoside/kg food on a dry weight basis.

For example, such a steviol glycoside composition can have from 90-99%rebaudioside A and an undetectable amount of stevia plant-derivedcontaminants, and be incorporated into a food product at from 25-1600mg/kg, e.g., 100-500 mg/kg, 25-100 mg/kg, 250-1000 mg/kg, 50-500 mg/kgor 500-1000 mg/kg on a dry weight basis.

Such a steviol glycoside composition can be a rebaudioside B-enrichedcomposition having greater than 3% rebaudioside B and be incorporatedinto the food product such that the amount of rebaudioside B in theproduct is from 25-1600 mg/kg, e.g., 100-500 mg/kg, 25-100 mg/kg,250-1000 mg/kg, 50-500 mg/kg or 500-1000 mg/kg on a dry weight basis.Typically, the rebaudioside B-enriched composition has an undetectableamount of stevia plant-derived contaminants.

Such a steviol glycoside composition can be a rebaudioside D-enrichedcomposition having greater than 3% rebaudioside D and be incorporatedinto the food product such that the amount of rebaudioside D in theproduct is from 25-1600 mg/kg, e.g., 100-500 mg/kg, 25-100 mg/kg,250-1000 mg/kg, 50-500 mg/kg or 500-1000 mg/kg on a dry weight basis.Typically, the rebaudioside D-enriched composition has an undetectableamount of stevia plant-derived contaminants.

Such a steviol glycoside composition can be a rebaudioside E-enrichedcomposition having greater than 3% rebaudioside E and be incorporatedinto the food product such that the amount of rebaudioside E in theproduct is from 25-1600 mg/kg, e.g., 100-500 mg/kg, 25-100 mg/kg,250-1000 mg/kg, 50-500 mg/kg or 500-1000 mg/kg on a dry weight basis.Typically, the rebaudioside E-enriched composition has an undetectableamount of stevia plant-derived contaminants.

Such a steviol glycoside composition can be a rebaudioside M-enrichedcomposition having greater than 3% rebaudioside M and be incorporatedinto the food product such that the amount of rebaudioside M in theproduct is from 25-1600 mg/kg, e.g., 100-500 mg/kg, 25-100 mg/kg,250-1000 mg/kg, 50-500 mg/kg or 500-1000 mg/kg on a dry weight basis.Typically, the rebaudioside M-enriched composition has an undetectableamount of stevia plant-derived contaminants.

In some embodiments, a substantially pure steviol or steviol glycosideis incorporated into a tabletop sweetener or “cup-for-cup” product. Suchproducts typically are diluted to the appropriate sweetness level withone or more bulking agents, e.g., maltodextrins, known to those skilledin the art. Steviol glycoside compositions enriched for rebaudioside A,rebaudioside B, rebaudioside D, rebaudioside E, or rebaudioside M, canbe package in a sachet, for example, at from 10,000 to 30,000 mg steviolglycoside/kg product on a dry weight basis, for tabletop use.

The invention will be further described in the following examples, whichdo not limit the scope of the invention described in the claims.

EXAMPLES Example 1 LC-MS Analytical Procedures

LC-MS analyses were performed using an Ultimate 3000 UPLC system(Dionex) fitted with a waters acquity UPLC®BEH shield RP18 column(2.1×50 mm, 1.7 μm particles, 130 Å pore size) connected to a TSQQuantum Access (ThermoFisher Scientific) triple quadropole massspectrometer with a heated electrospray ion (HESI) source, unlessotherwise indicated. Elution was carried out using a mobile phase ofeluent B (MeCN with 0.1% Formic acid) and eluent A (water with 0.1%Formic acid) by increasing the gradient from 25% to 47% B from min. 0.0to 4.0, increasing 47% to 100% B in min. 4.0 to 5.0, holding 100% B frommin. 5.0 to 6.5 re-equilibration. The flow rate was 0.4 ml/min and thecolumn temperature 35° C. The steviol glycosides were detected using SIM(Single Ion Monitoring) with the following m/z-traces.

TABLE 11 MS analytical information for Steviol Glycosides DescriptionExact Mass m/z trace compound (typical t_(R) in min) Steviol + 1 [M +H]⁺ 481.2796 481.2 ± 0.5 19-SMG (2.29), 13-SMG (3.5) Glucose [M + Na]⁺503.2615 503.1 ± 0.5 Steviol + 2 [M + Na]⁺ 665.3149   665 ± 0.5Rubusoside (2.52) Glucose Steviol-1,2-bioside (2.92) Steviol-1,3-bioside(2.28) Steviol + 3 [M + Na]⁺ 827.3677 827.4 ± 0.5 1,2-Stevioside (2.01)Glucose 1,3-Stevioside (2.39) Rebaudioside B (2.88) Steviol + 4 [M +Na]⁺ 989.4200 989.4 ± 0.5 Rebaudioside A (2.0) Glucose Steviol + 5 [M +Na]⁺ 1151.4 ± 0.5  Rebaudioside D (1.1) Glucose 1151.4728 Steviol + 6[M + Na]⁺ 1313.5 ± 0.5  Rebaudioside M (1.3) Glucose 1313.5257

The levels of steviol glycosides were quantified by comparing withcalibration curves obtained with authentic standards from LGC Standards.For example, standard solutions of 0.5 to 100 μM Rebaudioside A weretypically utilized to construct a calibration curve.

Example 2 Construction of Rebaudioside Producing Yeast Strains

A. Yeast strain EFSC2772 was constructed from a wild type Saccharomycescerevisiae strain containing three auxotrophic modifications, namely thedeletions of URA3, LEU2 and HIS3. The wild type strain can bemanipulated using standard genetic methods and can be used as a regulardiploid or haploid yeast strain. EFSC2772 was converted to a steviolglycoside producing yeast by genomic-integration of four DNA constructs.Each construct contained multiple genes that were introduced into theyeast genome by homologous recombination. Furthermore, construct one andtwo were assembled by homologous recombination.

The first construct contained eight genes and was inserted in the DPP1locus and disrupts and partially deletes DPP1 (phosphatase). The DNAinserted contains: the Ashbya gossypii TEF promoter expressing the natMXgene (selectable marker) followed by the TEF terminator from A.gossypii; Gene Art codon optimized Stevia rebaudiana UGT85C2 (GenBankAAR06916.1; SEQ ID NO: 32) expressed from the native yeast GPD1 promoterand followed by the native yeast CYC1 terminator; S. rebaudiana CPR-8(SEQ ID NO: 24) expressed using the native yeast TPI1 promoter followedby the native yeast TDH1 terminator; Arabidopsis thaliana Kaurenesynthase (similar to GenBank AEE36246.1; SEQ ID NO: 96) expressed fromthe native yeast PDC1 promoter and followed by the native yeast FBA1terminator; Synechococcus sp. GGPPS (GenBank ABC98596.1, SEQ ID NO: 97)expressed using the native yeast TEF2 promoter and followed by thenative yeast PGI1 terminator; DNA2.0 codon-optimized S. rebaudiana KAHe1(SEQ ID NO: 18), expressed from the native yeast TEF1 promoter andfollowed by the native yeast ENO2 terminator; S. rebaudiana KO-1(GenBank ABA42921.1, gi 76446107; SEQ ID NO: 98) expressed using thenative yeast FBA1 promoter and followed by the native yeast TDH2terminator; and Zea mays truncated CDPS expressed using the native yeastPGK1 promoter and followed by the native yeast ADH2 terminator.

The second construct was inserted at the YPRCΔ15 locus and contained theTEF1 promoter from A. gossypii in front of the kanMX gene (selectablemarker) followed by the TEF1 terminator from A. gossypii, the Gene Artcodon optimized A. thaliana ATR2 (SEQ ID NO: 99) expressed from thenative yeast PGK1 promoter followed by the native yeast ADH2 terminator,S. rebaudiana UGT74G1 (GenBank AAR06920.1; SEQ ID NO: 100) expressedfrom the native yeast TPI1 promoter followed by the native yeast TDH1terminator, Gene Art codon-optimized S. rebaudiana UGT76G1 (GenBankAAR06912; SEQ ID NO: 101) expressed from the native yeast TEF1 promoterfollowed by the native yeast ENO2 terminator, and GeneArtcodon-optimized S. rebaudiana UGT91D2e-b which produces a UGT91D2epolypeptide with the amino acid modifications: L211M and V286A, (SEQ IDNO: 54 for UGT91D2e amino acid sequence for the wild type sequence;codon optimized nucleotide sequence is set forth in SEQ ID NO: 102)expressed from the native yeast GPD1 promoter and followed by the nativeyeast CYC1 terminator.

The first and the second construct were combined in the same spore cloneby mating and dissection. This yeast strain was subsequently transformedwith construct three and four in two successive events.

Construct three was integrated between genes PRP5 and YBR238C andcontained the Kluyveromyces lactis LEU2 promoter expressing the K.lactis LEU2 gene followed by the LEU2 terminator from K. lactis, thenative yeast GPD1 promoter expressing the DNA2.0-optimized S. rebaudianaKAHe1 (SEQ ID NO: 18) followed by the native yeast CYC1 terminator, andthe native yeast TPI1 promoter expressing the Zea mays truncated CDPS(SEQ ID NO: 103) followed by the native yeast TPI1 terminator.

Construct four was integrated in the genome between genes ECM3 andYOR093C and contained the TEF promoter from A. gossypii expressing theK. pneumoniae hphMX gene, followed by the TEF1 terminator from A.gossypii; Synechococcus sp. GGPPS (SEQ ID NO: 97) expressed from thenative yeast GPD1 promoter, followed by the native yeast CYC1terminator, followed by the native yeast TPI1 promoter expressing the A.thaliana Kaurene synthase (SEQ ID NO: 96) followed by the native yeastTPI1 terminator.

The strain was made prototrophic by introduction of the two plasmidsp413TEF (CEN/ARS shuttle plasmid with HIS3 marker) and p416-TEF (CEN/ARSshuttle plasmid with URA3 marker) by transformation, and designatedEFSC2772.

As evidenced by LC-MS, combined cellular and extracellular productconcentrations were between 920-1660 mg/L of RebA and approximately300-320 mg/L of RebD in two different batches of EFSC2772, approximately700 mg/L of RebA was detected in the broth when the higher titer resultswere obtained. Additionally a large peak was seen for RebB, and oneskilled in the art will recognize that additional copies of UGT74G1 orupregulation of UGT74G1 will further increase the conversion of RebB toRebA. Conversely, if RebB is the target glycoside, then UGT74G1 can bedisrupted or deleted from the chromosome.

B. EFSC2763 yeast strain is derived from a wild type Saccharomycescerevisiae strain containing three auxotrophic modifications, namely thedeletions of URA3, LEU2 and HIS3. The genetics of the strain have beenstabilized and can be used as a regular diploid or haploid yeast strain.EFSC2763 has been converted to a steviol glycoside producing yeast bygenomic-integration of four DNA constructs. Each construct containsmultiple genes that were introduced into the yeast genome by homologousrecombination. Furthermore, construct one and two were assembled byhomologous recombination.

The first construct contains eight genes and is inserted in the DPP1locus and disrupts and partially deletes DPP1. The DNA insertedcontains: the A. gossypii TEF promoter expressing the NatMX gene(selectable marker) followed by the TEF terminator from A. gossypii;Gene Art codon optimized S. rebaudiana UGT85C2 (SEQ ID NO: 32) expressedfrom the native yeast GPD1 promoter and followed by the native yeastCYC1 terminator; S. rebaudiana CPR-8 (SEQ ID NO: 24) expressed using theTPI1 promoter followed by the native yeast TDH1 terminator; A. thalianaKaurene synthase (KS-5; SEQ ID NO: 96) expressed from the PDC1 promoterand followed by the native yeast FBA1 terminator; Synechococcus sp.GGPPS (GGPPS-7; SEQ ID NO: 97) expressed using the TEF2 promoter andfollowed by the native yeast PFI1 terminator; DNA2.0 codon-optimized S.rebaudiana KAHe1 (SEQ ID NO: 18), expressed from the TEF1 promoter andfollowed by the ENO2 terminator; S. rebaudiana KO-1 (SEQ ID NO: 98)expressed using the FBA1 promoter and followed by the native yeast TDH2terminator; and Zea mays truncated CDPS (SEQ ID NO: 103) expressed usingthe PGK1 promoter and followed by the native yeast ADH2 terminator.

The second construct was inserted at the YPRCΔ15 locus and contains thenative yeast TEF promoter from A. gossypii in front expressing the KanMXgene (selectable marker) followed by the TEF terminator from A.gossypii, the Gene Art codon optimized A. thaliana ATR2 (SEQ ID NO: 9)expressed from the PGK1 promoter followed by the yeast ADH2 terminator,S. rebaudiana UGT74G1 (SEQ ID NO: 100) expressed from the TPI1 promoterfollowed by the yeast TDH1 terminator, Gene Art codon-optimized S.rebaudiana UGT76G1 (SEQ ID NO: 101) expressed from the TEF1 promoterfollowed by the yeast ENO2 terminator, and GeneArt codon-optimized S.rebaudiana UGT91D2e-b (SEQ ID NO: 102) expressed from the GPD1 promoterand followed by the yeast CYC1 terminator.

The first and the second construct were combined in the same spore cloneby mating and dissection. This yeast strain was subsequently transformedwith construct three and four in two successive events.

Construct three was integrated between genes PRP5 and YBR238C andcontained the TEF promoter from A. gossypii expressing the K. lactisLEU2 gene followed by the TEF terminator from A. gossypii, the GPD1promoter expressing the DNA2.0-optimized S. rebaudiana KAHe1 (SEQ ID NO:18) followed by the CYC1 terminator, and the TPI1 promoter expressingthe Zea mays truncated CDPS (SEQ ID NO: 103).

Construct four was integrated in the genome between genes ECM3 andYOR093C with an expression cassette containing the TEF promoter from A.gossypii expressing the K. pneumoniae hph gene (SEQ ID NO: 157; seeGritz et al., (1983) Gene 25:179-88) followed by the TEF terminator fromA. gossypii, Synechococcus sp. GGPPS expressed from the GPD1 promoterfollowed by the CYC1 terminator, and the TPI1 promoter expressing the A.thaliana Kaurene synthase. The four utilized genetic markers weresubsequently removed.

As analyzed by LC-MS following the DMSO-extraction of total steviolglycosides from cells and broth, EFSC2763 produces between 40-50 μM or2-3 μM/OD600 Rebaudioside A, after growth for four days in 3 ml SC(Synthetic Complete) media at 30° C. with 320 RPM shaking in deep-wellplates.

C. Strain EFSC2797 was created from strain EFSC2763 by the addition ofone more assembly construct at the YORW locus. The additional constructis as follows. The A. gossypii TEF promoter expressing the HIS gene(selectable marker) from S. pombe followed by the TEF terminator from A.gossypii; S. rebaudiana KO-1 (SEQ ID NO: 98) expressed using the GPD1promoter and followed by the native yeast tCYC1 terminator; S.rebaudiana CPR-8 (SEQ ID NO: 24) expressed using the TPI1 promoterfollowed by the native yeast TDH1 terminator; A. thaliana Kaurenesynthase (KS-5; SEQ ID NO: 96) expressed from the PDC1 promoter andfollowed by the native yeast FBA1 terminator; Oryza sativa EUGT11 (SEQID NO: 53) expressed from the TEF2 promoter followed by the yeast PGI1terminator; DNA2.0 codon-optimized S. rebaudiana KAHe1 (SEQ ID NO: 18)expressed from the TEF1 promoter and followed by the ENO2 terminator;Zea mays truncated CDPS (SEQ ID NO: 103) expressed from the PGK1promoter and followed by the ADH2 terminator.

LC-MS analysis following the DMSO-extraction of total steviol glycosidesfrom cells (cells grown in 24-well plates for 4 days at 30° C.) andbroth demonstrated that EFSC2797 produces varying amounts of RebA, RebB,RebD, RebM and Rubusoside, see Table 12 below.

TABLE 12 Steviol glycoside production from EFSC2797 Rubu RebB RebA RebDRebM Normalized by (μM/OD600) (μM/OD600) (μM/OD600) (μM/OD600)(μM/OD600) OD600 0.110 0.634 3.364 3.451 5.411 Average 0.065 0.263 1.1191.222 1.614 Std Deviation Rubu (μM) RebB (μM) RebA (μM) RebD (μM) RebM(μM) 1.349  8.477 46.737 47.691 75.952 Average 0.0611 2.2025 16.750517.1447 28.1131 Std DeviationD. EFSC3248 yeast strain was derived from the same parent wild typeSaccharomyces cerevisiae strain described above and the following genesdescribed in Table 13 were integrated using methods similar to theabove. In addition this strain is HO— to prevent switching in matingtypes.

TABLE 13 List of Recombinant Pathway Genes and Promoters used in StrainEFSC 3248. Number Promoter(s) Heterologous pathway gene of copies usedGGPPS7 (Synechococcus sp) synthetic (SEQ ID NO: 97) 1 TEF2 CDPS(truncated, Zea mays) native gene (SEQ ID NO: 103) 2 PGK1 X 2 KS5 (A.thaliana) native gene (SEQ ID NO: 96) 2 PDC1 X 2 KO-1 (S. rebaudianaKO1) synthetic gene (SEQ ID NO: 98) 2 FBA1, GPD1 ATR2 synthetic gene(SEQ ID NO: 99) 1 PGK1 KAH (S. rebaudiana KAHe1) synthetic gene (SEQ IDNO: 18) 2 TEF1 X 2 S. rebaudiana CPR 8 native gene (SEQ ID NO: 24) 2TPI1 X 2 UGT85C2 (S. rebaudiana) synthetic (SEQ ID NO: 32) 1 GPD1UGT74G1 native (S. rebaudiana) (SEQ ID NO: 100) 1 TPI1 UGT76G1 synthetic(S. rebaudiana) (SEQ ID NO: 101) 1 TEF1 91D2e-b 2X mutant, synthetic,from S. rebaudiana (SEQ ID NO: 1 GPD1 102) EUGT11 synthetic (Oryzasativa) (SEQ ID NO: 53) 1 TEF2

Example 3 Construction of Yeast Strains Overexpressing Transporters

Yeast strains that produce Rebaudiosides are described in Example 2above, and International Application No's.: PCT/US2011/038967(WO/2011/153378) and PCT/US2012/050021 (WO/2013/022989) bothincorporated by reference herein in their entirety. Observations fromshake flask studies of similar strains indicated that the fraction ofRebA in the supernatant increases with time, and the effect wasdetermined not to be the result of cell lysis. To determine the effectof various transporters on steviol glycoside excretion in Saccharomycescerevisiae, a library of Saccharomyces cerevisiae strains wasconstructed by substituting the TEFL constitutive promoter for theendogenous promoter for a transporter gene.

A cassette was constructed consisting of the TEF promoter and the HIS5(Schizosaccharomyces pombe) marker flanked by lox P sites. Primers withspecific tails were used for PCR amplification of the cassette and theproduct was integrated upstream from the gene of interest by homologousrecombination in the RebA producer EFSC2763 described above. A Kosaksequence was added to the primer tails that anneal to the start of thegene so it was positioned just in front of the start codon. Correctinsertion of the cassette was confirmed by PCR using a forward primerannealing to the TEF1 promoter and a gene specific reverse primerannealing to the specific transporter genes. Table 14 contains a list of44 transport related genes where the TEF1 constitutive promoter was usedto replace the endogenous promoter.

TABLE 14 Transport related genes (UniProtKB/Swiss-Prot numbering) GeneORF Accession no. 1 PDR1 YGL013C P12383 (SEQ ID NO: 104) 2 PDR3 YBL005WP33200 (SEQ ID NO: 105) 3 PDR8 YLR266C Q06149 (SEQ ID NO: 106) 4 PDR5YOR153W P33302 (SEQ ID NO: 107) 5 PDR10 YOR328 P51533 (SEQ ID NO: 108) 6PDR11 YIL013 P40550 (SEQ ID NO: 109) 7 PDR12 YPL058 Q02785 (SEQ ID NO:110) 8 PDR15 YDR406 Q04182 (SEQ ID NO: 111) 9 PDR18 YNR070w P53756 (SEQID NO: 112) 10 SNQ2 YOR328 P32568 (SEQ ID NO: 113) 11 STE6 YKL209cP12866 (SEQ ID NO: 114) 12 YOR1 YGR281 P53049 (SEQ ID NO: 115) 13 AUS1YOR011W Q08409 (SEQ ID NO: 116) 14 — YOL075c Q08234 (SEQ ID NO: 117) 15— YIL166c P40445 (SEQ ID NO: 118) 16 THI73 YLR004c Q07904 (SEQ ID NO:119) 17 NFT1 YKR103w P0CE68 (SEQ ID NO: 120) 18 ADP1 YCR011C P25371 (SEQID NO: 121) 19 FLR1 YBR008C P38124 (SEQ ID NO: 122) 20 QDR1 YIL120WP40475 (SEQ ID NO: 123) 21 QDR2 YIL121W P40474 (SEQ ID NO: 124) 22 QDR3YBR043C P38227 (SEQ ID NO: 125) 23 TPO1 YLL028W Q07824 (SEQ ID NO: 126)24 TPO2 YGR138C P53283 (SEQ ID NO: 127) 25 TPO3 YPR156c Q06451 (SEQ IDNO: 128) 26 TPO4 YOR273C Q12256 (SEQ ID NO: 129) 27 AQR1 YNL065W P53943(SEQ ID NO: 130) 28 AZR1 YGR224W P50080 (SEQ ID NO: 131) 29 SGE1 YPR198WP33335 (SEQ ID NO: 132) 30 YHK8 YHR048W P38776 (SEQ ID NO: 133) 31 ATR1YML116W P13090 (SEQ ID NO: 134) 32 GEX2 YKR106W P36173 (SEQ ID NO: 135)33 HOL1 YNR055C P53389 (SEQ ID NO: 136) 34 — YOR378W Q08902 (SEQ ID NO:137) 35 — YMR279C Q03263 (SEQ ID NO: 138) 36 ENB1 YOL158C Q08299 (SEQ IDNO: 139) 37 ARN1 YHL040C P38731 (SEQ ID NO: 140) 38 ARN2 YHL047C P38724(SEQ ID NO: 141) 39 SSU1 YPL092W P41930 (SEQ ID NO: 142) 40 THI7 YLR237WQ05998 (SEQ ID NO: 143) 41 TPN1 YGL186C P53099 (SEQ ID NO: 144) 42 SEO1YAL067C P39709 (SEQ ID NO: 145) 43 SIT1 YEL065W P39980 (SEQ ID NO: 146)44 DTR1 YBR180W P38125 (SEQ ID NO: 147)

The 44 strains were tested for RebA excretion. Duplicate cultures wereincubated in 3 ml synthetic complete (SC) medium for 48 hours (30° C.,310 rpm, 24 well plates). Supernatant samples were obtained bycentrifugation of 100 μl of the culture (4000 rcf, 7 min). Twenty-fiveμl of the supernatant was added to the double amount of 50% DMSO.

These samples were analyzed by LC-MS as supernatant (cell-free) samples.The LC-MS method utilized was similar to Example 1 except a Phenomenex®kinetex C18 column (150×2.1 mm, 2.6 μm particles, 100 Å pore size) wasutilized, and a more shallow gradient was employed from 40-50% B,resulting in typically longer retention times. The remaining supernatantfrom the original sample was removed and the pellet washed in 100 μlwater. The pellet was resuspended in 100 μl 50% DMSO and heated to 80°C. for 10 minutes before the sample was centrifuged (4000 rcf, 5 min).Twenty-five μl of supernatant obtained from the resuspended pellet wasadded to an equal amount of 50% DMSO and an equal amount of water beforetransferring the sample to a filter plate. The samples were harvestedfrom the filter plate (2000 rcf, 2 min) and measured on the LC-MS aspellet samples. Results are shown in FIG. 2.

Strain “12_YOR1” showed a higher percentage of RebA in the supernatantthan in the pellet as compared to the EFSC2763 control strain. The“18_ADP1” and the “EFSC2763” strains produced less RebA in total thanthe other strains and “40_THI7” had a large deviation between samples.The YOR1 overexpressing strain was tested again. In the secondexperiment, the YOR1 overexpressing strain “YOR1_OE” produced less totalRebA than the EFSC2763 control strain, but still showed a higherpercentage of RebA in the supernatant than the control strain (FIG. 3).Messenger RNA levels were measured for the candidate transporters, andin many cases expression levels were not increased substantially fromwild type levels.

Nine candidates (PDR1, PDR3, PDR13, SNQ2, YOR1_BY, YOR1_IS1, FLR1, AZR1and DTR1) were re-tested for rebaudioside production and excretion inanother producing strain, EFSC2797 (described above), and on a 2 micronplasmid (PSB314). Duplicate cultures were incubated in 3 ml syntheticcomplete (SC) medium for 48 hours (30° C., 310 rpm, 24 well plates).Supernatant samples were obtained by centrifugation of 100 μl of theculture (13,000 rcf, 5 min). Fifty microliters of the supernatant wasadded to an equal amount of 100% DMSO. These samples were analyzed byLC-MS as supernatant samples. A total broth sample was mixed with anequal volume of 100% DMSO and heated to 80° C. for 10 minutes before thesample was centrifuged (4000 rcf, 5 min), and the liquid portion wasanalyzed by LC-MS as “total” steviol glycoside levels. The amount ofvarious steviol glycosides (including RebA, RebB, RebD, RebM,Rubusoside, 13-SMG, 1.2 Stevioside, 1.2 Bioside and an unknown steviolglycoside (LC-MS peak at 4.13 min.)) excreted into the culturesupernatant as well as the total amount in the whole culture broth weremeasured by LC-MS as described in Example 1. Results are seen in FIG. 4A-M. The percentage plotted for excretion is for the supernatant valuedivided by the “total” amount in FIGS. 4A-K or the concentration inmicromolar per OD600 was also plotted (FIGS. 4J-K) or the concentrationin the supernatant or total was plotted (FIGS. 4L-M).

Independent overexpression of each nine candidate genes (PDR1, PDR3,PDR13, SNQ2, YOR1_BY, YOR1_IS1, FLR1, AZR1 and DTR1) demonstrated thatvarious steviol glycosides were excreted at a higher percentage and/orconcentration in the supernatant compared to the control strain (thecontrol is EFSC2797 with empty PSB314 plasmid; shown as “PSB314” in FIG.4 A-M). YOR1_BY (SEQ ID NO: 148) represents the DNA sequence of YOR1gene that has been amplified from the BY 4741 genomic DNA and cloned in2 micron plasmid containing URA auxotrophic marker (P426-GPD); YOR1_IS1(SEQ ID NO: 149) represents the DNA sequence of YOR1 gene has beenamplified from an additional wildtype Saccharomyces cerevisiae genomicDNA and cloned in 2 micron plasmid containing URA auxotrophic marker(P426-GPD). For example, strain “SNQ2” showed a higher percentage ofRebA, RebB, RebD, RebM, 1.2 Stevioside, 1.2 Bioside and the unknownsteviol glycoside at 4.13 min in the supernatant while the totalproduction is the same compared to the EFSC2797 control strain withempty PSB314 plasmid (shown as “PSB314” or “Empty Plasmid” in FIGS.4-6). Strain “YOR1_IS1” showed a higher percentage of RebB, RebD,Rubusoside, 1.2 Stevioside, 1.2 Bioside and the unknown steviolglycoside at 4.13 min in the supernatant than in the total sample ascompared to the EFSC2797 control strain. Furthermore, SNQ2 and YOR1overexpression demonstrated an increase in concentration of RebD andRebA in the supernatant compared to the control (see FIG. 4 J-M).

Four of the nine candidates above were tested again for rebaudiosideproduction and excretion in the producing EFSC2797 strain, and using thePSB314 2 micron plasmid to overexpress the transporters. Cultures wereincubated in 3 ml synthetic complete (SC) medium—URA (selectionpressure) for 72 hours (30° C., 310 rpm, 24 well plates). Supernatantsamples were obtained by centrifugation of 100 μl of the culture (13,000rcf, 5 min). Fifty microliters of the supernatant was added to 50 ul of100% DMSO. These samples were anaylzed by LC-MS as supernatant samples.50 μl of cell suspension were mixed with 50 μl of 100% DMSO and heatedto 80° C. for 10 minutes before the sample was centrifuged (4000 rcf, 5min); the liquid portion was measured on the LC-MS as “total” samples.The amount of various steviol glycosides (including RebA, RebB, RebD,RebM, Rubusoside, 13-SMG, 1.2 Stevioside, 1.2 Bioside and an unknownsteviol glycoside (LC-MS peak at 4.13 min.)) excreted into the culturesupernatant as well as the total amount in the whole culture broth weremeasured by LC-MS as described in Example 1. The area under the curve(AUC) is determined by integration during data processing using Xcalibursoftware (Thermo). Results showing amount excreted (AUC) are seen inFIG. 5 A-D and results show percent excreted in supernatant (ratio ofsupernatant/total value) are shown in FIG. 5E-I.

Overexpression of each the four candidate genes separately (PDR1, SNQ2,YOR1_BY, YOR1_IS1 and FLR1) demonstrated that various steviol glycosideswere excreted at a higher percentage and/or concentration in thesupernatant compared to the control strain (EFSC2797 with empty PSB314plasmid; shown as “PSB314” in FIG. 5 A-I). For example, strain “YOR1_BY”and “YOR1_IS1” both showed a higher percentage of RebA, RebB, 1.2Stevioside and the unknown steviol glycoside at 4.13 min in thesupernatant than in the total as compared to the EFSC2797 controlstrain. Furthermore, SNQ2, YOR1, PDR1 and FLR1 overexpressed separatelydemonstrated an increase in AUC of RebB in the supernatant compared tothe control (see FIG. 5 A-D). Overexpression of each the four candidategenes separately did not significantly alter the growth rate as measuredby OD600 of the EFSC2797 yeast strain compared to control (see FIG. 6).

Example 4 Yeast Strains Overexpressing Stevia Transporters

Six putative S. rebaudiana RebA transporters were identified inpyrosequencing data: SrDTX24 (SEQ ID NO: 150), SrMRP10 (SEQ ID NO: 151),SrPDR12 (SEQ ID NO: 152), SrMRP2 (SEQ ID NO: 153), SrMRP4a (SEQ ID NO:154), and SrMRP4b (SEQ ID NO: 155). Five of the putative transporters,SrDTX24, SrMRP10, SrPDR12, SrMRP4a and SrMRP4b, were chosen for furtherstudy and cloned. The cloned transporter sequences were expressed in astable RebA-producing S. cerevisiae. The levels of steviol-glycosideexcretion were measured and are shown in FIG. 7.

Example 5 Method for Identifying Rebaudioside Transporters in Yeast

Construction of Quadruple Transporter Mutant Yeast Strain

Yeast strains that produce Rebaudiosides are described in Example 2above, and International Application No's.: PCT/US2011/038967(WO/2011/153378) and PCT/US2012/050021 (WO/2013/022989) bothincorporated by reference herein in their entirety. Observations fromshake flask studies of similar strains indicated that steviol glycosideswere excreted from S. cerevisiae cells with an efficiency that appearedto decrease as the molecular weight of the molecule increased. Todetermine the effect of various transporters on steviol glycosideexcretion in S. cerevisiae, a library of S. cerevisiae mutants, eachcarrying a disruption in an endogenous transporter, was constructed.

Plasma membrane-located ABC and MFS transporters were singly disruptedin S. cerevisiae strains BY4741 and/or BY4742 (BY4741 is available asATCC 201388, and BY4742 is available as ATCC 201389; see Brachmann, etal. “Designer deletion strains derived from Saccharomyces cerevisiaeS288C: a useful set of strains and plasmids for PCR-mediated genedisruption and other applications.” Yeast 14:115-32, 1998), using anantibiotic marker cassette amplified with primers having 45-65 bp genespecific long-tails. The cassettes were transformed into the strains andspecific transporter genes were disrupted by homologous recombination ofthe antibiotic marker cassette. Disruption of native transporter geneswas confirmed by PCR, using a forward primer specific to the upstreamsequence of the native gene and a reverse primer located internally inthe antibiotic marker cassette. The mutant library encompassed a totalof 34 transporters (14 ABCs, 19 MFSs, and 1 other) and two transcriptionfactors. See Table 15.

TABLE 15 Transport-related genes knocked out to create yeast mutants inlaboratory strains Name ORF Type/Location of protein Accession No.*PDR1/3 YGL013C/ Transcription factor P12383/(SEQ ID NO: 104) YBL005WP33200 (SEQ ID NO: 105) PDR3 YBL005W Transcription factor P33200 (SEQ IDNO: 105) 1 PDR11 YIL013 Plasma Membrane P40550 (SEQ ID NO: 109) 2 PDR15YDR406 Plasma Membrane Q04182 (SEQ ID NO: 111) 3 PDR10 YOR328 PlasmaMembrane P51533 (SEQ ID NO: 108) 4 PDR5 YOR153W Plasma Membrane P33302(SEQ ID NO: 107) 5 YOR1 YGR281 Plasma Membrane P53049 (SEQ ID NO: 115) 6AUS1 YOR011W Mitochondria (Plasma Q08409 (SEQ ID NO: 116) Membrane) 7SNQ2 YDR011 Plasma Membrane P32568 (SEQ ID NO: 113) 8 PDR12 YPL058Plasma Membrane Q02785 (SEQ ID NO: 110) 9 STE6 YKL209c Plasma MembraneP12866 (SEQ ID NO: 114) 10 — YOL075c (Membrane) Q08234 (SEQ ID NO: 117)11 — YIL166c (Membrane) P40445 (SEQ ID NO: 118) 12 THI73 YLR004c(Plasma/ER Q07904 (SEQ ID NO: 119) membrane) 13 NFT1 YKR103w/ MembraneP0CE68 (SEQ ID NO: 120) YKR104w 14 PDR18 YNR070w (Mitochondria) P53756(SEQ ID NO: 112) 15 FLR1 YBR008C Plasma Membrane P38124 (SEQ ID NO: 122)16 QDR1 YIL120W Plasma Membrane P40475 (SEQ ID NO: 123) 17 QDR2 YIL121WPlasma Membrane P40474 (SEQ ID NO: 124) 18 QDR3 YBR043C Plasma MembraneP38227 (SEQ ID NO: 125) 19 DTR1 YBR180W (Prospore membrane) P38125 (SEQID NO: 147) 20 TPO1 YLL028W Plasma Membrane Q07824 (SEQ ID NO: 126) 21TPO2 YGR138C Plasma Membrane P53283 (SEQ ID NO: 127) 22 AQR1 YNL065WPlasma Membrane P53943 (SEQ ID NO: 130) 23 AZR1 YGR224W Plasma MembraneP50080 (SEQ ID NO: 131) 24 ENB1 YOL158C Plasma Membrane Q08299 (SEQ IDNO: 139) 25 SGE1 YPR198W Plasma Membrane P33335 (SEQ ID NO: 132) 26 YHK8YHR048W Membrane P38776 (SEQ ID NO: 133) 27 GEX2 YKR106W Membrane P36173(SEQ ID NO: 135) 28 HOL1 YNR055C Plasma Membrane/ P53389 (SEQ ID NO:136) Mitochondria 29 TPO4 YOR273C Plasma Membrane/ Q12256 (SEQ ID NO:129) (vacuole) 30 TPO3 YPR156c Plasma Membrane/ Q06451 (SEQ ID NO: 128)(vacuole) 31 ATR1 YML116W Plasma Membrane P13090 (SEQ ID NO: 134)(vacuole) 32 — YOR378W — Q08902 (SEQ ID NO: 137) 33 — YMR279C — Q03263(SEQ ID NO: 138) 34 HXT11 YOL156W Plasma Membrane P54862 (SEQ ID NO:156) *Accession Number as listed at the <uniprot.org/uniprot> website.

The initial analysis showed that among the mutants of these 36 genes,transporters encoded by the yeast PDR5, PDR10, PDR15 and SNQ2 loci had adetectable effect on excretion of steviol glycosides such as 19-SMG andrubusoside into the culture media. Yeast endogenous transporters encodedby the TPO1, TPO3, YOR1, YOL075c, PDR18, and FLR1 loci, as well as thetranscription factors encoded by the PDR1 and PDR3 loci, also had adetectable effect on steviol glycoside excretion, although to a lesserextent than that of PDR5, PDR10, PDR15 and SNQ2. Since severaltransporters were identified that affected excretion of steviolglycosides, no single transporter appears to be solely responsible forexcretion of steviol glycosides in yeast.

To determine the effect of disruptions of more than one transporter onsteviol glycoside excretion, a quadruple disruption mutant (pdr5, pdr10,pdr15, snq2) was created. Deletion mutant pdr15 (created in a S.cerevisiae strain based on BY4742) was transformed with a selectionmarker deletion cassette prepared from a PCR using primers with PDR10flanking sequences as tails, allowing homologous recombination upontransformation. In the same way, a snq2 deletion strain was created(based on BY4741) and was transformed with a second selection markerdeletion cassette using PDR5 flanking sequences as primer tails. Theresulting two double mutant strains (pdr15 pdr10 and snq2-pdr5) weremated to create spore products disrupted in all four transporter genes.Disruptions were verified by PCR using a primer strategy as describedfor the single disruption mutants, resulting in the formation of aquadruple pdr5, pdr10, pdr15, snq2 disruption mutant, referred to as the4X disruption mutant.

The 4X disruption mutant was transformed with 2 micron plasmids encodingfour Stevia rebaudiana UGTs: 76G1, 74G1, 91D2e, and 85C2. See WO2011/153378A1. A culture of the 4X disruption mutant expressing the fourUGTs was pre-grown overnight in 13-ml culture tubes containing 2-3 ml ofsynthetic complete (SC) medium lacking histidine and uracil. A cultureof the parent strain with the UGT plasmids, but wild type at the PDR5,PDR10, PDR15, SNG2 loci, served as the control.

The next day, 0.25 OD₆₀₀ units were spun down, resuspended in freshmedium containing 100 μM steviol, and shaken at 30° C. for 2 h inculture tubes. An aliquot of 100 μL of culture was spun down, and anequal volume of DMSO was added to the supernatant. The cell pellet waswashed with H₂O and subsequently resuspended in 200 μL of 50% DMSO. Themixture was then vortexed, heated at 80° C. for 10 minutes andcentrifuged to remove debris. The resulting solution (cell pelletsample) was analyzed for the amount of 19-SMG by LC-MS utilizing amethod similar to that described in Example 1, except a Phenomenex®kinetex C18 column (150×2.1 mm, 2.6 μm particles, 100 Å pore size) wasused, and a more shallow gradient was employed from 40-50% B, resultingin typically longer retention times. The results, shown in FIG. 8,indicate that approximately 90% of the total 19-SMG made by the 4Xdisruption mutant strain is in the pellet. In contrast, only about 25%of the total 19-SMG made by the wild type strain is in the pellet.

The 4X disruption mutant strain expressing the four S. rebaudiana UGTswas tested for Rebaudioside A production. Pre-cultured cells wereconcentrated to an OD₆₀₀=20 in 250 μl steviol containing medium(SC-His-Ura, 100 μM steviol). After a 24 hour incubation (at 30° C. and200 rpm), the cells were harvested. A 100 μL aliquot of the culture wasspun down and an equal volume of DMSO was added to the supernatant ofthis sample. The cell pellet was washed one time in H₂O and 200 μL of50% DMSO was added to the pellet. Samples were vortexed, heated to 80°C. for 10 minutes and centrifuged. The supernatants from two DMSOmixtures were pooled and steviol glycoside content analyzed by LC-MSutilizing a Phenomenex® kinetex C18 column. The results are shown inFIG. 9. These results indicate that a large increase in RebAaccumulation was observed in the 4X mutant strain expressing the four S.rebaudiana UGTs as compared to the wild-type strain expressing the fourS. rebaudiana UGTs. These results suggest that monoglucosideintermediates are less likely to be excreted in the 4X mutant strain andinstead serve as substrates for further glycosylation in the cytoplasmof these yeast strains. However, some of the transporters that wereknocked out may also have specificity for excretion of larger molecularweight rebaudiosides such as RebA, and may be useful to overexpress instrains where excretion of RebA in the medium is desired. Withappropriate balancing of the rate of glycosylation activity throughexpression of pathway UGTs, smaller molecular weight steviol glycosidesare further glycosylated before they are excreted into the medium. Forexample, higher expression levels of a UGT76G1 and UGT91D2e and/orEUGT11 UGT as compared to the UGT74G1 and UGT85C2 enzymes will preventaccumulation of the steviol monoglucosides that are excreted morereadily. If the UGT activity level is higher (so the glycosylation rateis faster) than the rate of transport for a particular steviolglycoside, then more larger molecular weight steviol glycosides will beproduced.

Construction of 7X Transporter Mutant Yeast Strain

Based on the quadruple transporter mutant results described above, a 7Xtransporter disruption mutant (pdr15-pdr10-snq2-pdr5-tpo1-pdr1-pdr3) wasgenerated. A pdr1 and pdr3 double mutant was created in a BY4741background. The markers used to generate the double mutant were thenremoved. The resulting double mutant was transformed with a selectionmarker deletion cassette. The cassette was prepared from PCR usingprimers with TPO1 flanking sequences as tails allowing homologousrecombination upon transformation. The triple mutant pdr1-pdr3-tpo1 wasmated with the 4X disruption mutant described above (based on BY4742).In the resulting spores, a strain disrupted in all seven locations wasfound. Disruption of genes was confirmed by PCR. In the case ofcassettes replacing targeted genes, the PCR strategy described above wasapplied to confirm disruption of genes. For the pdr1 and pdr3 loci,disruptions were confirmed using forward and reverse primers designed toanneal to the sequence upstream and downstream from each gene. PCRproducts were present in all clones, and short PCR products indicated aloss of the targeted gene.

The four S. rebaudiana UGTs described above were integrated into thegenome of the 4X and 7X transporter disruption mutants as well as thewild-type strain, using homologous recombination. A steviol-gradient,time-course experiment was performed to investigate the effect onsteviol-glycoside accumulation in the wild-type, 4X, and 7X mutantstrains. Pre-cultured cells of the 4X and 7X disruption mutant strains,each expressing the four S. rebaudiana UGTs, were concentrated to anOD₆₀₀=1 in 400 μl steviol containing medium (SC-Ura, 0 μM, 20 μM, 50 μM,100 μM, or 250 μM steviol). Strains were grown in a 96 deep well plateat 30° C., 320 rpm, and after approximately 0, 1, 2, 4, 8 or 24 hours ofculture, a 50 μL aliquot of each culture was spun down and an equalvolume of DMSO was added to the supernatant of each aliquot. Steviolglycoside content was analyzed by LC-MS as described above, with thePhenomenex® kinetex C18 column.

The results are shown in FIGS. 10-12. As shown in FIG. 10, the wild-typestrain excreted 19-SMG and 13-SMG into the extracellular broth. As shownin FIG. 11 and FIG. 12, the 4X- and 7X transporter disruption mutantsdid not secrete 19-SMG and 13-SMG into the extracellular broth. However,the 4X- and 7X transporter disruption mutants did excrete larger amountsof the 1,3-bioside than the wild-type strain (see FIG. 12). These datashow that disrupting endogenous transporters has an effect on steviolglycoside accumulation in yeast.

The above data illustrate that knockouts of endogenous transporters inyeast singly or in combination and screening for increased retention ofsteviol glycosides, is a good method for identifying potentialtransporters for overexpression to improve steviol glycoside excretionin the medium.

Further Screening of Transporter Mutants

The effect of yeast gene knockouts on excretion of higher molecularweight rebaudiosides was tested in yeast strain EFSC3248, described inExample 2. Disruption of each specific transporter gene (PDR5, SNQ2,YOR1, YHK8 and FLR1) on the chromosome was performed by homologousrecombination as described previously. After a 96 hour incubation (at30° C. and 200 rpm), cells were harvested. A 100 μL aliquot of theculture was spun down and an equal volume of 100% DMSO was added to thesupernatant. Eighty microliters of the mixture were analyzed by LC-MS as‘supernatant’ sample. One-hundred microliters of cell suspension in 100uL of 100% DMSO was heated at 80° C. for 10 minutes and thencentrifuged. The mixture was vortexed, heated at 80° C. for 10 minutes,and centrifuged to remove any remaining debris. Forty microliters of theresulting solution was mixed with 40 uL DMSO (50%) and samples wereanalyzed by LC-MS as ‘total’ sample. The amount of various steviolglycosides (including RebA, RebB, RebD, RebM, Rubusoside, 13-SMG, 1.2Stevioside, 1.2 Bioside and an unknown steviol glycoside (LC-MS peak at4.13 min.)) excreted into the culture supernatant, as well as the totalamount in the whole culture broth were measured by LC-MS as described inExample 1. The data demonstrate that disruption of single endogenousyeast transporter genes results in the decrease in the percentage (FIG.13D-F) or amount excreted (FIG. 13 A-C) of various steviol glycosides inthe supernatant of the culture media. Specifically, disruption of SNQ2,YOR1 and FLR1 led to a decrease of RebA, RebB and RebD excreted in thesupernatant or yeast strain or decrease of RebA, RebB and RebDconcentration in yeast strains compared to control (see FIG. 13 A-F;control in FIG. 13 is “EFSC3248”).

Having described the invention in detail and by reference to specificembodiments thereof, it will be apparent that modifications andvariations are possible without departing from the scope of theinvention defined in the appended claims. More specifically, althoughsome aspects of the present invention are identified herein asparticularly advantageous, it is contemplated that the present inventionis not necessarily limited to these particular aspects of the invention.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A recombinant microorganism capable ofproducing a steviol glycoside in a cell culture, wherein themicroorganism has a reduced expression of at least one endogenoustransporter gene encoding a polypeptide having at least 90% sequenceidentity to the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID NO: 107; whereinthe reduced expression is produced in the microorganism by disrupting ordeleting a gene locus to by disrupting or deleting the gene locus forthe at least one endogenous transporter gene; wherein the microorganismfurther comprises: (a) a gene encoding a polypeptide capable ofsynthesizing steviol from ent-kaurenoic acid; wherein the polypeptidecomprises a polypeptide having at least 90% sequence identity to one ofthe amino acid sequences set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 11-17 or19; and further comprises: (b) a gene encoding a polypeptide capable ofglycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group;wherein the polypeptide comprises a polypeptide having at least 90%sequence identity to one of the amino acid sequences set forth in anyone of SEQ ID NOs: 30 or 91; (c) a gene encoding a polypeptide capableof beta 1,3 glycosylation of the C3′ of the 13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose,or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviol glycoside; whereinthe polypeptide comprises a polypeptide having at least 90% sequenceidentity to one of the amino acid sequences set forth in any one of SEQID NOs: 85or 89; (d) a gene encoding a polypeptide capable ofglycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group;wherein the polypeptide comprises a polypeptide having at least 90%sequence identity to one of the amino acid sequences set forth in anyone of SEQ ID NOs: 29 or 88; and/or (e) a gene encoding a polypeptidecapable of beta 1,2 glycosylation of the C2′ of the 13-O-glucose,19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviolglycoside; wherein the gene has a copy number of 2 or more; and whereinthe polypeptide comprises a polypeptide having at least 90% sequenceidentity to one of the amino acid sequences set forth in any one of SEQID NOs: 51, 54, 55, 86, or 90; wherein at least one of the genes initems (a)-(e) is a recombinant gene; and wherein the steviol glycosideis Rebaudioside A, Rebaudioside B, Rebaudioside D, Rebaudioside E,Rebaudioside M, or an isomer thereof.
 2. The recombinant microorganismof claim 1, wherein the endogenous transporter gene encodes anATP-Binding Cassette (ABC) transporter or a Major FacilitatorSuperfamily (MFS) transporter.
 3. The recombinant microorganism of claim1, further comprising: (a) one or more genes encoding a sucrosetransporter (SUC1) polypeptide and a sucrose synthase (SUS1)polypeptide; wherein the SUS1 polypeptide comprises a polypeptide havingan amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 78 or 80; (b)a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing geranylgeranylpyrophosphate (GGPP) from farnesyl diphosphate (FPP) and isopentenyldiphosphate (IPP); wherein the polypeptide comprises a polypeptidehaving an amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 43-50;(c) a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing ent-copalyldiphosphate from GGPP; wherein the polypeptide comprises a polypeptidehaving an amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 33-39;(d) a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizing ent-kaurenefrom ent-copalyl pyrophosphate; wherein the polypeptide comprises apolypeptide having an amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ IDNOs: 1-6; (e) a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of synthesizingent-kaurenoic acid from ent-kaurene; wherein the polypeptide comprises apolypeptide having an amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ IDNOs: 7-10; and/or (f) a gene encoding a polypeptide capable of reducingcytochrome P450 complex; wherein the polypeptide comprises a polypeptidehaving an amino acid sequence set forth in any one of SEQ ID NOs: 20-22,27, or 28; wherein at least one of the genes is a recombinant gene. 4.The recombinant microorganism of claim 1, wherein at least one of thegenes in items (a)-(e) is codon optimized for expression in themicroorganism.
 5. The recombinant microorganism of claim 1, comprisingthe genes encoding: (a) the polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviolor a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group; the polypeptidecapable of beta 1,3 glycosylation of the C3′ of the 13-O-glucose,19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviolglycoside; and the polypeptide capable of beta 1,2 glycosylation of theC2′ of the 13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and19-O-glucose of a steviol glycoside; (b) the polypeptide capable ofglycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group;the polypeptide capable of beta 1,3 glycosylation of the C3′ of the13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of asteviol glycoside; the polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or asteviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group; and the polypeptidecapable of beta 1,2 glycosylation of the C2′ of the 13-O-glucose,19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviolglycoside; or (c) the polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or asteviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group; the polypeptide capable ofglycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19carboxyl group;and the polypeptide capable of beta 1,2 glycosylation of the C2′ of the13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of asteviol glycoside.
 6. A method of affecting excretion of a steviolglycoside from a cell culture, comprising culturing the recombinantmicroorganism of claim 1 under conditions in which the genes areexpressed; wherein the steviol glycoside is produced by the recombinantmicroorganism.
 7. A method of producing a steviol glycoside in a cellculture, comprising culturing the recombinant microorganism of claim 1under conditions in which the genes are expressed; wherein culturingincludes inducing expression of the one or more of the genes; andwherein the steviol glycoside is produced by the recombinantmicroorganism.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein: (a) Rebaudioside A issynthesized in the recombinant microorganism expressing the polypeptidecapable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13hydroxyl group; the polypeptide capable of beta 1,3 glycosylation of theC3′ of the 13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and19-O-glucose of a steviol glycoside; the polypeptide capable ofglycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group;and the polypeptide capable of beta 1,2 glycosylation of the C2′ of the13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of asteviol glycoside; (b) Rebaudioside B is synthesized in the recombinantmicroorganism expressing the polypeptide capable of glycosylatingsteviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group; thepolypeptide capable of beta 1,3 glycosylation of the C3′ of the13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of asteviol glycoside; and the polypeptide capable of beta 1,2 glycosylationof the C2′ of the 13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and19-O-glucose of a steviol glycoside; (c) Rebaudioside D is synthesizedin the recombinant microorganism expressing the polypeptide capable ofglycosylating steviol or the steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxylgroup; the polypeptide capable of beta 1,3 glycosylation of the C3′ ofthe 13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose ofa steviol glycoside; the polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol ora steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group; and the polypeptidecapable of beta 1,2 glycosylation of the C2′ of the 13-O-glucose,19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviolglycoside; (d) Rebaudioside E is synthesized in the recombinantmicroorganism expressing the polypeptide capable of glycosylatingsteviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group; thepolypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside atits C-19 carboxyl group; and the polypeptide capable of beta 1,2glycosylation of the C2′ of the 13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviol glycoside; and/or (e)Rebaudioside M is synthesized in the recombinant microorganismexpressing the polypeptide capable of glycosylation of the 13-OH ofsteviol; the polypeptide capable of beta 1,3 glycosylation of the C3′ ofthe 13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose ofa steviol glycoside; the polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol ora steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group; and the polypeptidecapable of beta 1,2 glycosylation of the C2′ of the 13-O-glucose,19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviolglycoside.
 9. The method of claim 7, wherein the steviol glycoside isproduced at a concentration of at least 500 mg/L of the cell culture.10. The method of claim 7, that further comprises isolating theRebaudioside M, alone or together with at least one other steviolglycoside from the cell culture.
 11. The method of claim 7, wherein theisolating step comprises separating a liquid phase of the cell culturefrom a solid phase of the cell culture to obtain a supernatantcomprising Rebaudioside M, alone or together with at least one othersteviol glycoside, and: (a) contacting the supernatant with one or moreadsorbent resins in order to obtain at least a portion of RebaudiosideM, alone or together with at least one other steviol glycoside; or (b)contacting the supernatant with one or more ion exchange orreversed-phase chromatography columns in order to obtain at least aportion of Rebaudioside M, alone or together with at least one othersteviol glycoside; or (c) crystallizing or extracting Rebaudioside M,alone or together with at least one other steviol glycoside; therebyisolating Rebaudioside M, alone or together with at least one othersteviol glycoside.
 12. The method of claim 7, that further comprisesrecovering a steviol glycoside composition comprising Rebaudioside M,alone or together with at least one other steviol glycoside from thecell culture.
 13. The method of claim 12, wherein the recovered steviolglycoside composition is enriched for Rebaudioside M relative to asteviol glycoside composition of Stevia plant and has a reduced level ofStevia plant-derived components relative to a steviol glycosidecomposition obtained from a plant-derived Stevia extract.
 14. The methodof claim 7, wherein the cell culture comprises: (a) the steviolglycoside produced by the recombinant host cell; (b) glucose, fructose,sucrose, xylose, rhamnose, uridine diphosphate (UDP)-glucose,UDP-rhamnose, UDP-xylose, and/or N-acetyl-glucosamine; and/or (c)supplemental nutrients comprising trace metals, vitamins, salts, yeastnitrogen base (YNB) and/or amino acids.
 15. The recombinantmicroorganism of claim 1, wherein the recombinant microorganism is aplant cell, a mammalian cell, an insect cell, a fungal cell fromAspergillus genus, or a yeast cell from Saccharomyces cerevisiae,Schizosaccharomyces pombe, Yarrowia lipolytica, Candida glabrata, Ashbyagossypii, Cyberlindnera jadinii, Pichia pastoris, Kluyveromyces lactis,Hansenula polymorpha, Candida boidinii, Arxula adeninivorans,Xanthophyllomyces dendrorhous, or Candida albicans species, an algalcell or a bacterial cell from Escherichia coli species, or Bacillusgenus.
 16. The method of claim 7, wherein the recombinant host cell isgrown in a fermentor at a temperature for a period of time, wherein thetemperature and the period of time facilitate the production of thesteviol glycoside composition.
 17. A cell culture, comprising therecombinant microorganism of claim 1, the cell culture furthercomprising: (a) the steviol glycoside produced by the recombinantmicroorganism; (b) glucose, fructose, sucrose, xylose, rhamnose, uridinediphosphate (UDP)-glucose, UDP-rhamnose, UDP-xylose, and/orN-acetyl-glucosamine; and (c) supplemental nutrients comprising tracemetals, vitamins, salts, YNB, and/or amino acids; wherein the steviolglycoside is present at a concentration of at least 1 mg/liter of thecell culture.
 18. The method of claim 7, wherein the recombinantmicroorganism is a fungal cell or a yeast cell.
 19. The recombinantmicroorganism of claim 1, wherein the recombinant microorganism is aSaccharomyces cerevisiae cell.
 20. The method of claim 7, wherein therecombinant microorganism is a Saccharomyces cerevisiae cell.
 21. Themethod of claim 7, wherein Rebaudioside A is synthesized in therecombinant microorganism expressing the polypeptide capable ofglycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-13 hydroxyl group;the polypeptide capable of beta 1,3 glycosylation of the C3′ of the13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of asteviol glycoside; the polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or asteviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group; and the polypeptidecapable of beta 1,2 glycosylation of the C2′ of the 13-O-glucose,19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviolglycoside.
 22. The method of claim 7, wherein Rebaudioside D issynthesized in the recombinant microorganism expressing the polypeptidecapable of glycosylating steviol or the steviol glycoside at its C-13hydroxyl group; the polypeptide capable of beta 1,3 glycosylation of theC3′ of the 13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and19-O-glucose of a steviol glycoside; the polypeptide capable ofglycosylating steviol or a steviol glycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group;and the polypeptide capable of beta 1,2 glycosylation of the C2′ of the13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of asteviol glycoside.
 23. The method of claim 7, wherein Rebaudioside M issynthesized in the recombinant microorganism expressing the polypeptidecapable of glycosylation of the 13-OH of steviol; the polypeptidecapable of beta 1,3 glycosylation of the C3′ of the 13-O-glucose,19-O-glucose, or both 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviolglycoside; the polypeptide capable of glycosylating steviol or a steviolglycoside at its C-19 carboxyl group; and the polypeptide capable ofbeta 1,2 glycosylation of the C2′ of the 13-O-glucose, 19-O-glucose, orboth 13-O-glucose and 19-O-glucose of a steviol glycoside.
 24. Themethod of claim 7, wherein culturing includes constitutively expressingone or more of the genes.